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The editorial approachThe World Book Encyclopedia of Science Volume Chemistry Today World Book, Inc.
itt Fetzer com Chicago Acknowledgments Consultant EditorMartin Sherwood Consultants and Contributors
Harold Baum Waldemar Bojczuk John Bonner Neil Carlson Andrew Coghlan Nigel Davis Ronald Denney Artists and Designers Eric Drewery Mick Saunders MickGillah Bull Publishing Consultants Ltd
Wendy Allen Martyn Page Polly Powell Hal Robinson Sandy Shepherd 1994 printing published by: World Book, Inc. 525 W. Monroe Chicago, IL 60661 © Verlagsgruppe Bertelsmann International, GmbH, Munich 1984,1989 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Verlagsgruppe Bertelsmann International GmbH. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 90-70521 ISBN: 0-7166-3393-0 Printed in the United States of America 16 17 18 19 20 21 99 98 97 96 95 94 Contents Preface..................................................................... 6 Introduction............................................................ 8 Atoms, elements, and molecules................ 12 Chemical symbols and chemical bonding . 14 Key chemical reactions........................................ 16 Major groups of elements................................... 22 Hydrogen.............................................................. 24 Alkali metals........................................................... 26 Copper, silver, and gold................................. 28 Alkaline earths................................................ ... 30 Zinc, cadmium, and mercury ......................... 32 The boron group ............................................... 34 Inorganic carbon ........................................ 36 Silicon to lead .............................................. ... 38 The transition metals....................................... 40 Nitrogen................................................................. 46 Phosphorus to bismuth................................... 48 Oxygen ................................................................. 50 Sulfur to polonium................................................. 52 The halogens ................................................. 54 The rare gases ................................................ 56 The scandium group and the lanthanides . 58 The actinides and beyond ............................ 60 Metals and alloys ......................................... 62 Complex inorganic compounds ...................... 64 Organic chemistry................................................ 66 Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons....................... 68 Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons ........ ... 72 Aromatic hydrocarbons ................................. 74 Halogenated hydrocarbons................................. 78 Alcohols................................................................. 80 Aldehydes and ketones ............................... ... 82 Organic acids........................................................ 84 Esters................................................................. 86 Nitrogen compounds .......................................... 88 Organo-sulfur, organo-phosphorus, and organo-metal compounds.................................... 92 Complex organic compounds ............................ 94 Color in organic chemistry ........................... 96 Organic synthesis............................................ ... 98 Polymers ........................................................... 100 Biochemistry....................................................... 104 Polysaccharides and sugars .......................... 106 Lipids................................................................. 108 Amino acids and proteins ................................. 110 Enzymes............................................................... 112 Nucleic acids .................................................... 114 Biochemical energy............................................. 116 Biochemical messengers.................................... 122 Biotechnology .................................................... 124 Analytical chemistry........................................... 126 Classical analysis............................................ . 128 Spectroscopic analysis ..................................... 130 Advanced instrumental analysis .................. 132 Thermal analysis ................................................ 134 Chromatography................................................. 136 Automated analysis ............................................ 140 Uses of analysis.................................................. 142 Glossary...............................................................145 Index................................................................. 152 Credits ................................................................155 Preface
The editorial approach The object of the series is to explain for an average family readership the many aspects of science that are not only fascinating in themselves but are also vitally important for an understanding of the world today. To achieve this the books have been made straightforward and concise, accurate in content, and are clearly and attractively presented. They are also a readily accessible source of scientific information. The often forbidding appearance of traditional science publications has been completely avoided. Approximately equal proportions of illustrations and text make even the most unfamiliar subjects interesting and attractive. Even more important, all of the drawings have been created specially to complement the text, each explaining a topic that can be difficult to understand through the printed word alone. The thorough application of these principles has created a publication that encapsulates its subject in a stimulating way and that will prove to be an invaluable work of reference and education for many years to come. The advanceof science One of the most exciting and challenging aspects of science is that its frontiers are constantly being revised and extended, and new developments are occurring all the time. Its advance depends largely on observation, experiment, dispute, and debate, which generate theories that have to be tested and even then stand only until they are replaced by better concepts. For this reason, it is difficult for any science publication to be completely comprehensive. It is possible, however, to provide a thorough foundation that ensures any such advances can be comprehended—and it is the purpose of each book in this series to create such a foundation, by providing all the basic knowledge in the particular area of science it describes. Date: 2015-12-11; view: 591
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Chemistry Today, like the other volumes in this series of publications about the sciences, deals with a specific scientific area. This volume is concerned with chemistry. The subject is introduced with a discussion of its fundamental concepts: molecules, elements, formulas, and key chemical reactions. Then follows an account of the principal groups of elements. Finally, each of the last three sections deals with a major specialty within the discipline of chemistry as a whole: organic chemistry, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry.