ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

MECHANICS

1. Force

Action

Reaction

External force, internal force

Balance of forces; to be in balance/in equilibrium, forces cancel each other (out), to be balanced by…

Net/resultant force

Friction

Gravity

Gravitation, universal gravitation

Impetus

Stress

Tension

Torque

Centrifugal force

Centripetal force

Newton

Useful phrases: to exert a force on …/apply a force to…, a force acts on smth, forces occur in pairs, forces act through the same point, forces complement each other, to fall to/towards the ground

2. Vector

Compare: Scalar

3. Speed

Starting speed

Terminal speed

To move at a speed of … (60 mph)

Compare: Velocity (speed + direction)

Angular velocity

4. Motion (n.)

To move in a straight line

Clockwise/anticlockwise motion

(Newton’s) laws of motion

the direction of travel

Acceleration

Acceleration of free fall

Retardation/deceleration

Steady/uniform motion, uniformly accelerated/uniformly retarded motion

Angular /Circular motion

Two-dimensional motion

Three-dimensional motion

Projectile motion

5. Momentum (pl.: momenta)

Angular momentum

The law of conservation of momentum

6. Displacement

Compare: distance

To cover/travel a distance, to travel 500m in 20s

7. Motion graph

Distance-time graph, velocity-time graph

To plot a graph, to plot/mark smth on a graph

Reading(s)

Curve/curved line

Axis (pl. axes [ʹæksiz]): horizontal and vertical axes, gradient

Area

8. Energy: kinetic, potential, internal

Law of conservation of energy

To change one kind of energy into another

9. Collision (n.)

Collide (v.)

Compare: Impact

Elastic collision

Inelastic collision

Deflection

10. Inertia

11. Plane

To lie in the same plane

Inclined plane

12. Lever

13. (the) Right-hand rule

14. Hooke’s law

Strain

15. Rest

To be at rest, an object at rest, to come to rest

16. Pendulum

THERMODYNAMICS

1. System: open, closed, isolated

Homogeneous system

Heterogeneous system

Surroundings

Boundary

Variable, state variable, extensive, intensive variable

Calculus

State function

State: equilibrium, nonequilibrium

Reversible, irreversible

Volume, specific volume

Entropy

Enthalpy

Zeroth law

2. Temperature

the Celsius/Centigrade scale, the Fahrenheit scale, the Kelvin scale

Degree

Uniform temperature

To lower (Ant.: raise) the temperature

Thermometer

Thermostat

Thermal, thermal equilibrium, thermal conductivity

3. Ambient

Ambient conditions (at ambient conditions)

Ambient temperature, ambient pressure

4. Energy, internal energy, interaction energy, energy exchange, energy input, dissipation of energy

5. Heat, to heat (up) (Ant.: to cool (down)), heat exchange, heat transfer, heat convection, heat loss, heat gain

Heatproof

Specific heat

6. Matter

State of matter

7. Gas, ideal gas, gaseous, gaseous medium

8. Vapour, saturated vapour

Compare: steam

Vaporize

Compare: evaporate

Condense

Dew point

Moisture

Boiling point (at boiling point); above, below boiling

Bubble, bubble point

9. Solid

Solidify

Transition (e.g. solid-solid transition)

10. Liquid

To immerse in (to) a liquid

Compare: fluid

Viscous, viscosity

Film (of a liquid or powder)

Liquefy

Liquefaction

Melting point

Thaw point

11. Freezing

Freezing point; below, above freezing

Cryogenics

12. Expand; Ant.: Compress/contract

Expansion: thermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isothermal

To undergo thermal expansion

Ant.: Compression/contraction

Carnot cycle

13. Work, useful work

Do/perform work

Convert, transform heat into work

Joule

14. Molecule, atom, bond

15. Capillary (tube)

Surface tension

16. Density

Mole number

17. Pure; purity; impurity

18. Constant

To remain constant

To keep/hold constant

19. To increase/grow (Ant.: to decrease)

An increase, decrease in; to decrease with increasing/increase in (temperature)

To change inversely (to)

20. Engine

Piston, cylinder, to slide

Pump, to pump

Valve

21. Vacuum

22. Permeable (Ant.: impermeable)

RAYS AND WAVES

Ray, beam, fine beam, laser

to give out, give off light, reflect, absorb, transmit, scatter light, transmission, scattering

light, wave travels (in straight lines)

light wave, electromagnetic wave

hologram

optical fibre

mirror: flat, concave, convex

the normal

incident ray, reflected ray

to lie in the same plane

angle of incidence, angle of reflection

laterally inverted image

bent/refracted ray, to move the ray sideways

angle of refraction

virtual image

dispersion, to split into all the colours of the rainbow, prism

spectrum

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

luminous, luminosity

photon, candle/candela

wavelength

focal length

focus, in focus, out of focus

microscope

lens

resolution

transparent (Ant. opaque)

visible (Ant. invisible)

transverse wave, longitudinal wave

acoustics

wave frequency, hertz

band, frequency band

period

amplitude

diffraction

radio waves: long, medium, short, VHF, UHF

microwaves

infrared radiation

ultraviolet radiation

fluorescence

x-rays

gamma rays

ionization, ionizing effect

amplifier

analogue, digital signal

amplitude modulation, frequency modulation

range

sound wave

microwave

travel through liquids, gases, a vacuum

to propagate, propagation

echo

radar

noise, decibel, audible (Ant. inaudible)

high pitch, low pitch; to fall, rise in pitch

ultrasound, ultrasonic

seismic waves

seismograph

aerial

ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

Current, alternating current (AC), direct current (DC)

electric charge: positive, negative, to build up

to flow through, conductor, semiconductor, conductivity, superconduction, insulator

electric cell, battery, generator

to work/run on batteries, a battery runs out/goes dead

the mains, to plug into/disconnect from the mains, to be on the mains (house), to work from the mains, mains socket

plug, to plug into

complete circuit, broken/unbroken circuit, short circuit, parallel circuit

ammeter, ampere

coulomb

voltage, potential difference, volt, voltmeter

resistance, ohm

resistor, variable resistor, sliding contact

to increase by (1%)

electrical components

diode

to be connected in series/in parallel

a switch

a bulb, filament bulb, tungsten, low energy bulb, a bulb goes/runs out

live wire, to be live/alive

neutral wire

to insulate, insulation, insulator

earth wire, to earth, earthing

a fuse, to melt, to overheat, to blow

to put a fault right

extension cable, to coil up

overhead cable

electrolysis, electrolyte, electrode, cathode, anode

to be attracted to…, to dissolve, to replace, to be removed, deposited on, to transfer a charge

magnet, magnetism, magnetic material, magnetic field, to produce a magnetic field

permanent magnet, temporary magnet

to magnetize, to induce magnetism, to lose magnetism, to demagnetize

like, unlike poles

to repel, to attract, attractive force, repulsive force

coil, solenoid

relay

electromagnetic induction

induced voltage, to reverse the direction

transformer, transformation

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 831