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VERB, THE CATEGORIES OF VOICE AND ASPECT1. The catof VOICE (vc) expr the relations btw the subj & the obj of the action: He invited his friends (doer) – He was invited by his friends (object) 2. Opp-n of active (weak) & passive (strong) vc. In coll speech, the role of the p-ve 3. Debated: are there other vcs in Eng? 3 vcs may be suggested: 1)thereflexive (he dressed himself)2)reciprocal (they kissed e.o.) 3)middle(door opened 4.The catof ASPECT shows the manner in which the act-n is either performed or repr-ted 2 const-ts: common (cm; weak) & continuous (ct; strong) aspects. Ct – an action as a process developing at a certain moment or a limited period of time. Cm – just names the action. 5. Some linguists: no aspective mng in the cm form, ct – just one of the tense forms. 6. Usually ct not used with Vs denoting abstract rel-ns, sense perception, emotions. But there’re numerous examples of such usage: the V changes its mng to denote either an activity (I’m thinking of him) or the temporary char-r of the state (He’s being..) 7. Curme – 4 aspects: 1) durative (action as continuing – He’s eating) 2) point-action (calls attention to 1 point): a) the ingressive type (begin/start + inf, get,grow,turn,become+pred adj, part-le N or a prep-l phrase: He often gets sick) b) the effective type (the final point: The two friends fell out) 3) terminative (action as a whole – He handed me a book. I overlooked a mistake) 4) iterative (indefinitely prolonged succession – He pooh-poohs at everything)
11. VERB, THE CATEGORY OF MOOD + OTHER TYPES OF EXPR MOD-TY 1. Mood (md) shows the degree of reality or possibility of an action. The verbal cat of md serves to expr the speaker’s attitude towards the factuality of a state-of-affs as real Or hypothetical. In ModEng this cat is decaying.The forms of the unreal md in many cases repl=modals 2. 2 groups of mds are dist-shed: real/fact mds & the unreal/non-fact/oblique mds. 3. a) The indic – the only real md in Eng; represents an action as a real fact. The forms = the tense-aspect forms of the V. 2 non-fact mds: b) The imper – advice, request, recommendation, order and so on. Stelling – the gram idiom. One form only, without any suffix or ending. c) The subj – an action as unreal (I wish I had known it). 4. Another app-ch – md: 3 const-ts (ind, subj I, subj II). They form a binary opp-n.mark 5. Prof. Smirnitsky – 6 mds: 1) indic (He came there) 2) imper (Read the letter!) 3) subj I (be/go for all prsns: I suggest that he go there. If it be so) 4) subj II ( were for all prsns, forms PS & PPS: I wish I were.. If I knew/had known) 5) suppositional(anal-l forms should/would + infin: Should u meet.., I sug that he sh 6) conditional(anforms sh/wd+inf in the main clause:what wd u do if y were asked?) 6. Other ways of indicating the reality or possibility of an action: 1. Lexico-syntactic means (comb-n of modal Vs may/might/can/could/sh/wd with the inf If anything should happen I can take care of myself) 2. Lexical means (mod wds maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably;other wds (Ns, adjs, Vs) of modal semantics: It’s time we were moving) 3. Syntactic types of sces or subordinate clauses (imper-ve; clauses intr-d by conjs as if/ as though, conditional, etc: Take it easy! She really looks as though she isn’t.. 4. Diff com-ns of the above means. 5. Intonation, prosody.
Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1429
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