Section 2. Types of cargo ships

Words and Terms to be Remembered

Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.

1. What two principle forces act on a freely floating ship?
2. What kinds of displacement are distinguished?
3. What does "stability" imply?
4. How can unsinkability be provided?

Exercises and assignments

Ex. 1. Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right:

Ex. 2. Complete this table with all missing derivatives. Consult the text.

Find in the text the sentences in which these words are used and translate them into Russian.

Ex. 3. Read the text and find the vocabulary items which mean:

a) floating ability;

b) force of gravity

c) upward force of liquid upon a floating body;

d) to put under the surface of water;

e) vessel's lifting capacity;

f) transverse inclination of a vessel;

g) longitudinal deviation of a vessel from the designed waterline;

h) sufficiency of a vessel in construction for service;

i) tendency of a ship to return to its initial position;

j) ship's fore and aft inclinations;

k) ship's transverse inclinations;

l) ship's ability to stay afloat with some flooded compartments.

Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks. Make use of the active vocabulary items and structures.
1. The force of buoyancy acts _________ and forces of gravity _________.
2. Gravity and buoyancy set up forces tending to _________ the ship until equilibrium is attained.
3. The quality of any ship to return to her original position is called _________.
4. This _________ inclination is termed the trim of a vessel, which the _________ inclinations are known as the _________.
5. The principle factor in deciding any ship's stability is the manner of _________ in the vertical direction.
6. _________ displacement is the weight of a vessel when unloaded and _________ displacement when the ship has its weights on board.
7. Unsinkability can be provided by _________ dividing the ship into isolated compartments.
8. _________ is floating ability of a ship.
9. The loss of stability is more dangerous than the loss of _________.
10. Two principle forces acting on a floating ship are _________.
Ex. 5. Find in the text the following word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used. Consult a maritime dictionary:

immersed section, stable equilibrium, unstable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium, angle's value, initial stability, stability at large angles of inclination, sudden loads, definite freeboard height, reserve of buoyancy, damage stability, loss of buoyancy draft mark, ship's poise, trimming angle, unit of volume, intact displacement, useful deadweight, cargo carrying capacity.

Ex. 6. Give the opposite meaning to the following words:
upward, sail, light displacement, sufficient statics, abovewater, external, dependent, lift, slowly, stable, loading, preserve, decrease, definite, damaged, longitudinal.

Section 2. Types of cargo ships

Words and Terms to be Remembered

Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.

1. What two main groups are all cargo ships divided into?
2. What is the difference between universal and specialized cargo ships?
3. How can dry cargo vessels be classified in dependence of the cargo handling methods they use?
4. What idea do LASH and container ships have in common?

TYPES OF CARGO SHIPS

Cargo ships make up the largest group of transport ships. On the one hand, all cargo ships are divided into two types - dry cargo ships and tankers, or oil-carrying ships. On the other hand, cargo ships may be divided into universal ships designed to carry general cargoes and specialized ships designed to carry one definite type of cargo. Such specialized ships as bulkers, timber carriers, reefer ships, tankers have long been known.

Bulkers (or bulk carriers) are intended for the carriage of grain, ore, sugar, coal, cement and other bulk cargoes. They are single-decked ships of large size, with no tweendecks in their holds but fitted with special cargo handling equipment such as grabs, suction plants, etc.

Reefer ships are designed to carry vegetables and fruits, cooled and refrigerated cargoes, that's why they are fitted with the refrigeration plant which can keep as low temperature as -18 °C, -30 °C for a long period. Reefers have higher speed to deliver perishables in time.

Timber carriers carry timber in logs, as well as technological chip. Their main cargo handling equipment is heavy cranes, derricks and loaders. Some of the timber is carried on deck.

Tanker is designed to carry oil and oil products of several grades simultaneously. It is one-deck vessel mostly with aft location of the engine room and bridge superstructure. The bridge is connected to the forecastle by the catwalk. The cargo spaces are tanks, all tankers being provided with pipelines and pumps. Nowadays there are mammoth tankers of 300,000 dwt (VLCC - very large crude carrier) and up to 800,000 dwt (ULCC - ultra-large crude carrier). There are gas carriers for the carriage of liquefied natural gases (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG).

Three main trends in specialized ships have emerged.

One is cargo ships with cargo handling equipment on board. These ships are also called special purpose ships.

The second trend is Roll-on/Roll-off ships (Ro-Ro). They are specially designed for transportation of various wheeled vehicles (cars, rolling stock, tracked vehicles, trailers), as well as unitized, lengthy/bulky cargo units. The cargo handling operations on the Ro-Ro ships are performed in horizontal direction - by driving on/driving off through different kinds of ramps.

The third trend is a container ship. She is intended for the carriage of goods in containers - special boxes of international standards - and provided with the cellular guides in the holds. TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) is 6.1 m container for determining ship's container capacity. One of the features of the container ships is large hatches or large deck opening for intensification of cargo operations.

The use of containers for cargoes has encouraged the design of LASH (Lighter-Aboard Ship) or barge carrying ships in which the container is a 60 foot steel lighter. The benefit of a barge carrying ship is that she can load and unload barges in estuaries away from quays. There are two designs of a barge carrying ship - LASH and Sea Bee, which differ in the method of handling barges and in their internal arrangements.

There are also specialized ships to carry different types of cargo such as OBO ship (oil/bulk/ore carrier), PROBO ship (product/oil/bulk/ore carrier), etc. These are called combined ships or combination carriers.

Exercises and assignments

Ex. 1. For the words given in (a) find the synonyms given in (b):

a) design, taken, timber, refrigerate, plant, benefit, encourage, grade, catwalk, trend, emerge, vehicle, estuary, lighter, definite;

b) delta, barge, certain, intend, oil-carrier, wood, carriage, tendency, passage, sort, advantage, installation, support, cool, appear.

Ex. 2. Fill in the missing words in the table.

Ex. 3. Match the words in the box with the explanations given below. Find in the text sentences in which these words are used and translate into Russian.

1) not refined or manufactured, in a natural state;

2) a connecting passage between the forward and after bridges or between a bridge house and forecastle or poop decks;

3) landing place built of stone or iron alongside which ships can be tied for loading and unloading;

4) goods that go bad if delayed in transit;

5) a cargo composed of miscellaneous goods carried in units;

6) a sloping way from one level to another instead of stairs or steps;

7) device for forcing liquid into or out of or through something;

8) transport vehicle pulled by a tractor or a truck;

9) a standard cargo box;

10)cellular structure of angle bars into which the containers are stowed;

11)a small piece cut or broken off from wood.

Ex. 4. Choose the terms under the line below for each of the following definitions.

1) A ship intended for the carriage of liquefied gas in bulk is _________.

2) A ship intended for the carriage of different cargoes except for liquid bulk cargo is _________.

3) A ship intended for the carriage of goods in containers of the international standard is _________.

4) A cargo ship intended for transportation of various vehicles on all decks is _________.

5) A ship intended for the carriage of liquid cargoes is _________.

6) A ship designed to carry cargo in large steel barges used as containers is _________.

7) A ship designed to carry dry bulk cargo in its holds is _________.

a) tanker; b) LASH; c) container ship; d) bulker; e) dry cargo ship; f) gas carrier; g) Ro-Ro vessel.

Ex. 5. Using the information in the text expand this diagram of cargo ship classification.

Date: 2014-12-28; view: 2871