PEOPLE AND PROPERTY

S.F.Allakhverdiev^*, A. I. Sidorov, A. I. Ignatiev, N. V. Nikonorov

ITMO University

*shaxree@gmail.com

In this work, the optical properties of vanadium doped glasses were obtained. The zinc-phosphate glass matrix is chosen for studies. Analytical grade compounds of NaPO₃, ZnO, CeO₂, V₂O₅, AgNO₃, SB₂O₃, (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆ were used as starting materials. All the chemicals were weighed accurately, ground to fine powder and mixed thoroughly. The batches were melted at 900⁰C in a porcelain crucible by placing them in an electrical furnace. The melts were then poured on a polished brass plate. Samples were annealed at 350⁰C in a furnace for 30 minutes, then the furnace was set off and the samples were cooled naturally in order to relieve the thermal stresses. Finally, glasses with the following compositions were obtained:

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅)

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,1wt.% V₂O₅, 0,2wt.% AgNO₃, 0,5wt.% CeO₂, 0,5wt.% SB₂O₃)

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅, 0,5wt.% CeO₂, 2,0wt.% (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆)

The optical absorption spectra of the prepared samples were recorded at room temperature using a Varian Carry UV–vis spectrometer in the wavelength range 200–1200 nm. UV–visible absorption spectra observed for all V₂O₅ doped samples show well defined absorption bands which are consistent with literature: ²Г_t4-²Г_t5 - (VO₄)^{3- 2}Г_t4-²Г_t3 -(VO₄)³; ²B₂-²E - VO²⁺ [1,2].

Fig.1. The optical absorption spectra of Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅, 0,5wt.% CeO₂, 2,0wt.% (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆)

The optical absorption spectra of the last sample (Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅,0,5wt.% CeO₂, 2,0wt.% (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆)) requires detailed review. As shown in Figure 1, the absorption band of Ce, centered at about 302 nm, was obtained. The most striking fact about that is possibility of photochromism. Theoretically, irradiation of UV-lamp or laser with the wavelength λ=302 nm could produce free electrons because of photogeneration and these free electrons could be trapped by V ions. This process could change the valence state of V in the glass, accordingly glass color [3].

Reference:

1. Guojun Gao, Robert Meszaros, Mingying Peng, and Lothar Wondraczek /Broadband UV-to-green photoconversion in Vdoped lithium zinc silicate glasses and glass ceramics/ OSA, 9 May 2011, Vol. 19, No. S3

2. R. Lakshmikantha a, N.H.Ayachit b, R.V.Anavekar //Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 75 (2014) 168–173

3. W.A.Weyl, A.G.Pincus, and A.E.Badger, Vanadium As A Glass Colorant, Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol.22, No.11, 1939

PEOPLE AND PROPERTY

PRE-READING TASK

1. Answer the questions.

Which crimes are more serious: against people or property?

People and property. In democracies people are considered to have rights pertaining both to their persons and to their property. Crimes can therefore be classified into attacks on persons or on property.

Crimes against persons include homicide, assault and battery, mayhem, rape, and kidnapping. Homicide is the general term for killing an individual. It may refer to a killing that is not criminal, such as killing in self-defense or to prevent the commission of a serious felony.

Criminal homicide is classified according to the nature of the crime. Premeditated murder is the most serious offense Manslaughter includes killings that are the result of recklessness or violent emotional outburst. Death through negligence, or carelessness, is often called negligent homicide

Homicide is dealt with differently under various legal systems. Under European codes, for instance, bodily injury resulting in death and death that is the result of negligence are more heavily penalized that under Anglo-American systems European codes, on the other hand, will normally not punish a person for a mercy killing but Anglo-American codes do. And in some countries crimes of passion are more lightly punished that in others.

The terms assault and battery are normally combined in such a way as to seem a single offense. Battery is the unlawful use of physical force on another person, and assault is the attempt to commit battery. No great force is necessary to constitute a battery: A mere touch is sufficient. It is also a battery if one administers poisons or drugs or communicates a disease. Generally it is not a battery unless the act is done with intent to do harm or with gross criminal negligence. Assault, as intent to harm must carry with it a threat of more or less immediate danger, some obvious act that threatens battery.

Mayhem is similar to battery, but it is a more severe crime because it deprives the victim of a part of his body hand, arm eye rendering him less able to defend himself. In some jurisdictions, or areas of legal authority, maiming or disfigurement constitutes mayhem, some jurisdictions do not distinguish between battery and mayhem at all. Japan, for instance, treats all batteries similarly. And law in India divides bodily harm into "hurts" and "grievous hurts."

Rape is the most serious of sexual offenses and is punished by death in some countries. Now, in most countries it normally results in imprisonment. The term statutory rape refers to an individual's having sexual relations with a child, even with the child's consent. In France statutory rape also refers to laws against taking advantage of subservient persons such as employees or wards.

Kidnapping is the unlawful carrying away of a person by force or unlawful seizure and detention

The crimes against property are theft and larceny, embezzlement, forgery counterfeiting, receiving stolen property, robbery, burglary, arson, and trespass. Most of these crimes, involve stealing in one form or another but distinctions are made between them to indicate the seriousness of the offense. Theft is the general term covering larceny, robbery, and burglary. Larceny is the taking away of personal goods without the owner's consent. Robbery is a form of larceny involving violence or the threat of violence against the victim. Burglary is defined as the breaking and entering of a building with the intent to commit a theft or some other felony. The common street crime called mugging combines robbery with assault and battery.

Embezzlement is the illegal taking for one's own use of goods usually money by someone to whom the goods have been entrusted. Bank employees, for example, have been found guilty of embezzling the bank's funds.

Receiving stolen property is a crime because one becomes what is called an "accessory after the fact." This is a degree of participation in crime by agreeing to it and cooperating with the criminal. The purpose of receiving stolen property is to sell it. The person who does the selling is called a fence because he acts as a barrier between the criminal and the sale of stolen property.

Arson is the unlawful and voluntary burning of property. If the fire causes death, the arsonist is considered guilty of murder even if there were no intents to kill. The property burned need not be someone else's. Many persons have been convicted of burning their own property in order to collect insurance money.

Trespass is the unauthorized entry upon land. Neither knowledge of what one is doing nor malice is necessary for a trespass to be committed. Once a trespass is proved, the trespasser is usually held accountable for any resulting damage.

Victimless Crimes

Many societies have outlawed actions on the basis of religion or morality. Sumptuary laws, for instance, are regulations that restrict extravagance in dress, food, drink, and household equipment. And acts such as the practice of adultery and homosexuality have frequently been deemed crimes. Gambling, too, is outlawed in many places. Even drug abuse the use of banned or controlled substances have sometimes been called a victimless crime because it, like gambling, involves no attack upon either persons or property.

The term victimless crimes, however, is somewhat inaccurate. Gambling and drug abuse, like alcoholism, are now considered addictions. The person involved victimizes himself as well as his family and friends by his uncontrolled habit. Overcoming these addictions usually requires some type of therapy.

Date: 2014-12-28; view: 1128