Morphological processes

I. Have a talk based on the texts. Make use of the following questions.

1. Where is the city of Washington situated?

2. What is the Mall?

3. What are the most famous monuments and historical buildings in Washington?

4. What is the history of the Lincoln Memorial?

5. What is the history of the Jefferson Memorial?

6. What is the history of the Arlington National Cemetery?

7. How was the Vietnam Veterans Memorial designed?

8. What is the history of New York City?

9. How many boroughs are there in New York City?

10. What are the main interesting places and buildings in Manhattan?

11. What is the main purpose of Rockefeller Centre?

12. Why is Theatre District so outstanding in New York?

13. What area is called Ground Zero?

14. Are there any parks in New York?

15. What interesting museums can you visit in New York?

16. What is Harlem?

17. What did you know about the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond?

II. Complete the following sentences.

1. Washington is situated between the two states, ………………………………………….

2. The central place of Washington is………………………..a large open space, a kind of park which is often used by people for public meetings, picnics, games, concerts, etc.

3. …………………………………was founded in 1846, and it includes now thirteen museums.

4. There are five boroughs comprising New York:………………………………………….........................

5. ……………………………… is a tapering shaft or obelisk of white marble. It was built to honour the memory of the President.

6. The Declaration of Independence was read to the American troops…………………….. on July 9, 1776, in the presence of George Washington.

7. ………………………………………………is made of marble and the design by Henry Bacon was based on the Parthenon in Athens, Greece.

8. …………………………………..was designed like an ancient Greek building with a round roof, and it’s made of white marble. It is situated in East Potomac Park.

9. Today……………………………………………..consists of nineteen buildings, which include offices, shops, and various places of entertainment: Music Hall, Museum of Modern Art, Carnegie Hall.

10. For many years…………………………………..was a place for people with different and creative ideas. It had an active nightlife with plenty of bars, restaurants and clubs.

11. ………………………………….has long been the centre of theatre life in the United States. Before the rise of the film industry, it was the place where actors could become famous.

12. ………………………………………is a long polished black granite wall.. The wall is V-shaped. It has more than 58 000 names on it.

13. The most beautiful and famous skyscrapers of New York are ...........................................................

14. The area where………………………………………………………used to be is now called Ground Zero.

15. ……………………………………………………………is a special feature of the Ellis Island Museum.

III. Correct the wrong statements. Begin with:

It’s not true to fact. It’s wrong. It’s false. It’s not so. It’s true.

1. It was decided to choose a special place for the new capital. It was agreed to allot a wild and marshy area on the Hudson River.

2. Surrounding the Memorial are old oaks that China presented to the City of Washington in 1912.

3. Washington has a reputation for being ‘the city that never sleeps’. It is inhabited by people of almost all nationalities and races. It is called ‘Modern Babylon’ and ‘The Big Apple’.

4. The first Europeans to settle in Manhattan were the French.

5. The United Nations Secretariat Building was the first steel-and-glass skyscraper.

6. Broadway is a poor district of north Manhattan. It was originally a Dutch village. Many of the people living there now are African Americans, though there are many Puerto Ricans.

7. New York is an outstanding Theatre District. The centre of it is .Wall Street.

8. Practically the whole of the Manhattan area is a sea of concrete. Luckily for New Yorkers, there is one exception: the huge lake in the middle of the city.

9. The Bronx in the east is both residential and industrial part of the city. It is the largest of the five boroughs of New York City.

10. Brooklyn in the north is more residential rather than industrial part of the city. In the past it had a reputation as a poor area with a lot of crime and drug.

IV.Translate the suggested video-information. Discuss it.

Morphological processes

The following are the principal terms for morphological studies. Study the terms and do the following tasks.

Task 1. Revision of the material previously studied. Match the terms with definitions

Classification of morphemes

Task 2. a) Study the definitions of the terms

affixation - a morphological process whereby an affix is attached to a root or stem

blending (telescoping) - a process of merging parts of words into one word.

clipping - a word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts

compounding - a process by which new words are formed from two or more independent words e.g. "girlfriend," "air-conditioner," "life-insurance salesman"

conversion - a process that assigns an already existing word to a new word class or syntactic category

lexicon - mental list of the words in a language, including information about their meaning, grammatical function, pronunciation, and other properties that a speaker must know in order to use a word properly.

morphology - the study of word structure or word formation

Task 3.

Word formation processes: Ways of creating new words in English

a) Fill in the gaps with the terms for formation processes given below

1.________: adding a derivational suffix to a word.

2. ________: joining two or more words into one new word.

3. ________: (also called ________ or ________): Adding no affixes; simply using a word of one category as a word of another category.

4. ________: no affix is added to the base, but the stress is shifted from one syllable to the other. With the stress shift comes a change in category.

5. ________: shortening of a polysyllabic word.

6. ________ : forming words from the initials of a group of words that designate one concept. Usually, but not always, capitalized. It is pronounced as a word if the consonants and vowels line up in such a way as to make this possible, otherwise it is pronounced as a string of letter names.

7. ________: Parts (which are not morphemes!) of two already-existing words are put together to form a new word

8. ________: A suffix identifiable from other words is cut off of a base which has previously not been a word; that base then is used as a root, and becomes a word through widespread use. This differs from clipping in that, in clipping, some phonological part of the word which is not interpretable as an affix or word is cut off. Here the bit chopped off is a recognizable affix or word. ________ is the result of a false but plausible morphological analysis of the word; clipping is a strictly phonological process that is used to make the word shorter. Clipping is based on syllable structure, not morphological analysis. It is impossible for you to recognize ________ words or come up with examples from your own knowledge of English, unless you already know the history of the word.

9. ________: a brand name becomes the name for the item or process associated with the brand name. The word ceases to be capitalized and acts as a normal verb/noun (i.e. takes inflections such as plural or past tense). The companies using the names usually have copyrighted them and object to their use in public documents, so they should be avoided in formal writing (or a lawsuit could follow!)

10. ________ : words are invented which (to native speakers at least) sound like the sound they name or the entity which produces the sound.

11. ________: a word is taken from another language. It may be adapted to the ________ language's phonological system to varying degrees.

a) acronym formation

b) suffixation

c) backformation

d) backformed

e) blending

f) borrowing

g) clipping

h) compounding

i) conversion

j) folk etymology

k) functional shift

l) onomatopoeia (pronounced: [͵ɔnʊəmætə'pı:ə])

m) stress shift

n) trademarks used generically

o) zero derivation

b) Match the examples with the formation processes described above

1. abuser, refusal, untie, inspection, pre-cook.
2. hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, cock-a-doodle-doo, buzz, beep, ding-dong.
3. skunk, tomato (from indigenous languages of the Americas), sushi, taboo, wok (from Pacific Rim languages), chic, shmuck, macho, spaghetti, dirndl, psychology, telephone, physician, education (from European languages), hummus, chutzpah, cipher, artichoke (from Semitic languages), yam, tote, banana (from African languages).
4. skateboard, whitewash, cat lover, self-help, red-hot, etc.
5. Noun-verb: comb, sand, knife, butter, referee, proposition.

1. bro (< brother), pro (< professional), prof (< professor), math (< mathematics), veg (< 'vegetate', as in veg out in front of the TV), sub (< substitute or submarine).
2. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), radar (radio detecting and ranging), NFL (National Football League), AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations).
3. motel (motor hotel) brunch (breakfast & lunch), smog (smoke & fog), telethon (television & marathon), modem (modulator & demodulator), Spanglish (Spanish & English).
4. pronunciate (< pronunciation < pronounce), resurrect (< resurrection), enthuse (< enthusiasm), self-destruct (< self-destruction < destroy), burgle (< burglar), attrit (< attrition), burger (< hamburger).
5. xerox, kleenex, scotch tape, spandex, teflon

Task 4. a) Study the definitions of the terms

agglutination – a grammatical process in which words are composed of a sequence of morphemes (meaningful word elements), each of which represents not more than a single grammatical category //http://www.britannica.com

alternations - a morphological process that uses morpheme-internal modifications to make new words or morphological distinctions e.g. goose -> geese, ring -> rang -> rung, teeth -> teethe

circumfixation – a morphological process characterized by simultaneous suffixing and affixing

incorporation - a morphological process by which several distinct semantic components are combined into a single word in a polysynthetic language

infixation – a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme attaches within a root or stem

inflection - the creation of different grammatical forms of words

reduplication - a morphological process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free (total reduplication) morpheme, or part of it (partial reduplication)

suffixation - a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to the end of a stem

suppletion - a morphological process between forms of a word wherein one form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other. e.g. is -> was, go -> went; good -> better -> best

inner inflection – a morphological process when different forms of the word share only consonants and alternating vowels represent a grammatical category

b) Study examples from different languages and match them with morphological processes from 4 (a).

(1) Turkish

Avrupa-li-laş-tir-il-a-mi-yacak-lar-dan-sin-iz.

Europe-an-ize-CAUSE-PASSIVE-POTENTIAL-NEG-FUT.PART PL-ABL-2ND-PL

You (all) are among those who will not be able to be caused to become like Europeans.'

(2) Chichewa (the national language of Malawi)

Mkángo s-u-na-ka-ngo-wa-phwanya maûngu.

lion NEG-3SUBJ-PAST-go-just-6OBJ-smash pumpkins

The lion did not just go smash them, the pumpkins.'

(3) Tagalog (the national language of the Philippines)

(4) German

ge-kann-t 'known'

ge-läute-t 'rung'

ge-schüttel-t 'shaken'

ge-zeig-t 'shown'

(5) Arabic

katab 'to write'

kataba 'he wrote'

kutib 'has been written'

aktub 'be writing'

(6) Tagalog (the national language of the Philippines)

ROOT FUTURE

tawag 'call' ta-tawag 'will call'

takbo 'run' ta-takbo 'will run'

bisita 'visit' bi-bisita 'will visit'

bili 'buy' bi-bili 'will buy'

(7) English

fall fell

slide slid

strike struck

take took

give gave

swear swore

ride rode

(8) Somali

Date: 2014-12-28; view: 1480