Direct and Indirect Speech

agglutination – a grammatical process in which words are composed of a sequence of morphemes (meaningful word elements), each of which represents not more than a single grammatical category //http://www.britannica.com

alternations - a morphological process that uses morpheme-internal modifications to make new words or morphological distinctions e.g. goose -> geese, ring -> rang -> rung, teeth -> teethe

circumfixation – a morphological process characterized by simultaneous suffixing and affixing

incorporation - a morphological process by which several distinct semantic components are combined into a single word in a polysynthetic language

infixation – a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme attaches within a root or stem

inflection - the creation of different grammatical forms of words

reduplication - a morphological process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free (total reduplication) morpheme, or part of it (partial reduplication)

suffixation - a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to the end of a stem

suppletion - a morphological process between forms of a word wherein one form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other. e.g. is -> was, go -> went; good -> better -> best

inner inflection – a morphological process when different forms of the word share only consonants and alternating vowels represent a grammatical category

b) Study examples from different languages and match them with morphological processes from 4 (a).

(1) Turkish

Avrupa-li-laş-tir-il-a-mi-yacak-lar-dan-sin-iz.

Europe-an-ize-CAUSE-PASSIVE-POTENTIAL-NEG-FUT.PART PL-ABL-2ND-PL

You (all) are among those who will not be able to be caused to become like Europeans.'

(2) Chichewa (the national language of Malawi)

Mkángo s-u-na-ka-ngo-wa-phwanya maûngu.

lion NEG-3SUBJ-PAST-go-just-6OBJ-smash pumpkins

The lion did not just go smash them, the pumpkins.'

(3) Tagalog (the national language of the Philippines)

(4) German

ge-kann-t 'known'

ge-läute-t 'rung'

ge-schüttel-t 'shaken'

ge-zeig-t 'shown'

(5) Arabic

katab 'to write'

kataba 'he wrote'

kutib 'has been written'

aktub 'be writing'

(6) Tagalog (the national language of the Philippines)

ROOT FUTURE

tawag 'call' ta-tawag 'will call'

takbo 'run' ta-takbo 'will run'

bisita 'visit' bi-bisita 'will visit'

bili 'buy' bi-bili 'will buy'

(7) English

fall fell

slide slid

strike struck

take took

give gave

swear swore

ride rode

(8) Somali

Direct and Indirect Speech

NDIRECT STATEMENTS

Study the following pairs of sentences in Direct and Indirect Speech. Notice carefully the changes in personal and possessive pronouns. Indirect Speech is formed according to the Rule of the Sequence of Tenses. The verbs most commonly used to introduce the reported speech are: to tell, to say, to add, to notice, to remark, to explain, to inform, to remind, etc.

B. Use

1.The tense in reported speech normally ‘moves back’ Pronouns and possessive adjectives often change in reported speech:

▪ Sue said, ‘I am on holiday with my friend’. – She said that she was on holiday with her friend.

2.Note the past forms of the modal verbs: can – could; may – might. – Must – either doesn’t change or it takes the past form – had to – The past modals - could should – might –don’t change in reported speech:

▪ ‘I can swim.’ – He said he could swim.

▪ ‘We may go by train.’ – They told me they might go by train.

▪ ‘You could be right.’ – I said you could be right.

▪ ‘You should see the film.’ – They told me I should see the film.

▪ ‘I must go.’ – He said he must / had to go.

3.Say / tell. After – tell – we normally use a personal object to say who is told. We normally use – say – without a personal object. If we want to put a personal object with – say – we use ‘to’:

▪ I said I was going home.

▪ I told Sarah I was going home.

▪ I said to Sarah that I was going home.

4.Reported Special Questions. Tenses, adjectives, pronouns, etc in reported questions change in the same way as in reported statements. In reported special questions, we don’t use the auxiliary verb – do – (does, did):

▪ ‘What are you doing?’ – The policeman asked the men what they were doing.

▪ ‘How is your brother?’ – She asked how my brother was.

▪ ‘What do you want?’ – I asked what she wanted.

▪ ‘Where does he live?’ – They asked where he lived.

▪ ‘Why did you say that?’ – He asked why I had said that.

5.Reported General Questions. When there is no question word, we can use – if – or – whether – to introduce a reported question:

▪ ‘Are you cold?’ – I asked if he was cold.

▪ ‘Do you want a drink?’ – She asked if I wanted a drink.

▪ ‘Can you speak German?’ – They wanted to know whether I could speak German.

6.Infinitive in reported speech. We often report orders, requests, warnings, advice and invitations using the structure – verb + object + to infinitive:

▪ ‘Get out of my room.’ – She told the man to get out of her room.

▪ ‘Could you carry some bags, Mike?’ – I asked Mike to carry some bags.

▪ ‘Stay away from me’. – He warned them to stay away from him.

▪ ‘You should phone the police.’ – She advised him to phone the police.

▪ ‘Would you like to have dinner with us?’ – They invited me to have dinner with them.

In negative orders, promises we use – not to + infinitive:

▪ ‘Don’t touch my camera.’ – He told me not to touch his camera.

▪ ‘I won’t be late.’ – You promised not to be late.

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1546