Morphological processes

Following a thorough grounding in operational management or supply-chain planning, there will be opportunities to move into consultancy either as part of an in-house team or to join a specialist external consultancy, advising clients, in the UK and internationally, on improving their supply-chains. It's an area that gives practitioners new skills and a deeper understanding and broader perspective of logistics based on a contrasting client needs.

After gaining experience as consultants, those who wish to return to an operational role can aspire to top-level jobs in logistics.

Morphological processes

The following are the principal terms for morphological studies. Study the terms and do the following tasks.

Task 1. Revision of the material previously studied. Match the terms with definitions

Classification of morphemes

Task 2. a) Study the definitions of the terms

affixation - a morphological process whereby an affix is attached to a root or stem

blending (telescoping) - a process of merging parts of words into one word.

clipping - a word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts

compounding - a process by which new words are formed from two or more independent words e.g. "girlfriend," "air-conditioner," "life-insurance salesman"

conversion - a process that assigns an already existing word to a new word class or syntactic category

lexicon - mental list of the words in a language, including information about their meaning, grammatical function, pronunciation, and other properties that a speaker must know in order to use a word properly.

morphology - the study of word structure or word formation

Task 3.

Word formation processes: Ways of creating new words in English

a) Fill in the gaps with the terms for formation processes given below

1.________: adding a derivational suffix to a word.

2. ________: joining two or more words into one new word.

3. ________: (also called ________ or ________): Adding no affixes; simply using a word of one category as a word of another category.

4. ________: no affix is added to the base, but the stress is shifted from one syllable to the other. With the stress shift comes a change in category.

5. ________: shortening of a polysyllabic word.

6. ________ : forming words from the initials of a group of words that designate one concept. Usually, but not always, capitalized. It is pronounced as a word if the consonants and vowels line up in such a way as to make this possible, otherwise it is pronounced as a string of letter names.

7. ________: Parts (which are not morphemes!) of two already-existing words are put together to form a new word

8. ________: A suffix identifiable from other words is cut off of a base which has previously not been a word; that base then is used as a root, and becomes a word through widespread use. This differs from clipping in that, in clipping, some phonological part of the word which is not interpretable as an affix or word is cut off. Here the bit chopped off is a recognizable affix or word. ________ is the result of a false but plausible morphological analysis of the word; clipping is a strictly phonological process that is used to make the word shorter. Clipping is based on syllable structure, not morphological analysis. It is impossible for you to recognize ________ words or come up with examples from your own knowledge of English, unless you already know the history of the word.

9. ________: a brand name becomes the name for the item or process associated with the brand name. The word ceases to be capitalized and acts as a normal verb/noun (i.e. takes inflections such as plural or past tense). The companies using the names usually have copyrighted them and object to their use in public documents, so they should be avoided in formal writing (or a lawsuit could follow!)

10. ________ : words are invented which (to native speakers at least) sound like the sound they name or the entity which produces the sound.

11. ________: a word is taken from another language. It may be adapted to the ________ language's phonological system to varying degrees.

a) acronym formation

b) suffixation

c) backformation

d) backformed

e) blending

f) borrowing

g) clipping

h) compounding

i) conversion

j) folk etymology

k) functional shift

l) onomatopoeia (pronounced: [͵ɔnʊəmætə'pı:ə])

m) stress shift

n) trademarks used generically

o) zero derivation

b) Match the examples with the formation processes described above

1. abuser, refusal, untie, inspection, pre-cook.
2. hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, cock-a-doodle-doo, buzz, beep, ding-dong.
3. skunk, tomato (from indigenous languages of the Americas), sushi, taboo, wok (from Pacific Rim languages), chic, shmuck, macho, spaghetti, dirndl, psychology, telephone, physician, education (from European languages), hummus, chutzpah, cipher, artichoke (from Semitic languages), yam, tote, banana (from African languages).
4. skateboard, whitewash, cat lover, self-help, red-hot, etc.
5. Noun-verb: comb, sand, knife, butter, referee, proposition.

1. bro (< brother), pro (< professional), prof (< professor), math (< mathematics), veg (< 'vegetate', as in veg out in front of the TV), sub (< substitute or submarine).
2. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), radar (radio detecting and ranging), NFL (National Football League), AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations).
3. motel (motor hotel) brunch (breakfast & lunch), smog (smoke & fog), telethon (television & marathon), modem (modulator & demodulator), Spanglish (Spanish & English).
4. pronunciate (< pronunciation < pronounce), resurrect (< resurrection), enthuse (< enthusiasm), self-destruct (< self-destruction < destroy), burgle (< burglar), attrit (< attrition), burger (< hamburger).
5. xerox, kleenex, scotch tape, spandex, teflon

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1450