Huns in the history of Central Asia (location, economy, social organization, political history).

Hunnu first mentioned in written sources referred to 822 BC. In 209 BC Mode declared himself as a leader and started to work actively to create hunns state. The war between hunnu and China ceased to 188y BC Han (China) troops was defeated. In 47 BC hunnu because of the strife divided into two parts - north and south. The first take citizenship of Chinese empire, the second retained independent. Ghuns were a nomadic pastoralist people who invaded southeastern Europe c. AD 370 and during the next seven decades built up an enormous empire there and in central Europe. Appearing from beyond the Volga River some years after the middle of the 4th century, they first overran the Alani, who occupied the plains between the Volga and the Don rivers, and then quickly overthrew the empire of the Ostrogoths between the Don and the Dniester. About 376 they defeated the Visigoths living in what is now approximately Romania and thus arrived at the Danubian frontier of the Roman Empire. They were apparently primitive pastoralists who knew nothing of agriculture. As warriors the Huns inspired almost unparalleled fear throughout Europe. In 445 of Attila became the sole ruler. Attila the first blows struck the Eastern Roman Empire, which forced to pay for 448 of the annual tribute. Then, combining the Germanic tribes’ geruls, Ostrogoths and gepids, started a war against the Western Roman Empire. The battle occurred in 451 of the two armies, the defeat of Attila ceased, but in the next year, his troops came to Rome and forced the emperor to flee the capital. After the death of Attila in 453 hunnus power collapsed. Hunnu were well-organized army. It is based on mobile cavalry. There was a private family ownership of livestock. Materials excavations indicate wealth inequality. Each hunnus clan owned strip of land, which led economy. Mountains, forests were considered common property and were used by individual deliveries. Hunnu, like other nomads of Eurasia, lived in yurts (nomad's tent), winter shelters. Hunnus clothes were made mostly of leather and wool. The main role in the hunnus economy played cattle-breeding. The hierarchy of officials was very cumbersome and complex. Totally in public administration were 24 senior officials. Hunnu had code of law. For example: In hunnu society for the violation of military discipline and the avoidance of military service the death penalty was fixed.

5) Usuns in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

Political structure of usuns. At the end of the first millennium BC in the Zhetysu, state placed on Tien Shan and Tarbagatay is known from Chinese sources, as the “Usuns Country”. Usuns originally lived in the area of the river Danhe, but in III. BC were forced to move on Mongolia, and after a series of defeats inflicted on them by hunnu in Semirechje and Dzhungariyu. Here usuni, recognizing the dependence of the Huns, was founded in 177 BC own state. In 53 BC Usun has broken into two parts. At the head of state was the governor, which had the title kunbek - "a great governor" passed the throne to inherit. Since 53 BC, when the state was divided, there were appeared independent from each other rulers: great kunbek and small kunbek. Here were two great military leader and ruler of the three parts, called princes.

Since the beginning of creation, usuns state was dependent on hunnu, but quickly managed to be free and became one of the strongest states of the region. Hunnu beginning in the 80-m BC raids on the eastern borders of the state, but after a long struggle suffer defeat against the combined forces of usuns and China. After that Zhetysu connection with the Celestial Empire further strengthened. Further history of usuns full of internecine wars. However, after the collapse of the empire north usuney Hunnu relationship with her deteriorated. This led to a rapprochement with China usuney, in alliance with that in 36 BC was carried out campaign against the northern hunnu. In the 30-ies of the relationship between great and small kunbeks again worsened. Both ownership virtually lost autonomy and de facto ruled by the Chinese governors. In the II century AD usuns power permanently isolated from China. Frequent raids of Zhuzhans forced Usun tribes to move from Zhetysu plains, to the Tien Shan. At the beginning of V century usuns name finally gone from the pages of historical chronicles. It remains to add that ethnonym "usun" survived for this day. One of the Kazakhs families of the Senior Zhuz called “uysun”.

Ancient usuns in Zhetysu breeded different kinds of animals. There were developed horse breeding. Along with developing pastoral farming. The existence of private land tenure is a confirmation in written sources.

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1367