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CASE HISTORY 1 page
A Introduction Rita: You go to United's games, don't you, Tom? You watch them on TV, too. Tom: Well, I'm a fan. It's wonderful when United win. On the other hand, it's terrible when they lose. Rita: Why not have a change? After all, there are other things in life. Tom: Such as? Rita: There's music, for example. Why don't you go to a concert some time? Tom: But I don't like classical music. Look at the words and phrases too, on the other hand, after all and for example. They all make a link with an earlier sentence. When Rita says There's musk, for example, she is giving an example of other things in life, which she has already mentioned. B Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' 'And': Sarah often works late. She works on Saturdays sometimes, too/as well. Sarah often works late. She also works on Saturdays sometimes. Arlene Black has a yacht and a helicopter. In addition, she has five cars. I'm not inviting my cousin — I don't like him. Besides, he didn't invite me to his party. The buildings are in a very poor condition. Furthermore, there is no money to repair them. 'But': I haven't been very well recently. Still, it could be worse. Nick is in love with Rita. Rita, however, is in love with Tom. Everyone thought that Emma should accept the offer. Nevertheless/All the same, she turned it down. I don't want to be late for the meeting. On the other hand, I don't want to get there too early. 'So': The holiday had been a complete disaster. We therefore decided to fly home early if we could. Someone switched the freezer off. Consequently/As a result, all the food was spoilt. Some of these words and phrases are rather formal and typical of written English. They are consequently, furthermore, however, in addition, nevertheless and therefore. C Other linking words and phrases Rephrasing: Jessica isn't the most popular person around here. In other words, no one likes her. Correcting yourself: We play basketball. I mean/Or rather volleyball. Contradicting: Sarah isn't lazy. On the contrary, she works extremely hard. Picking up a topic: I like Natasha. I went on holiday with her. ~ Talking of holidays, what are your plans for this year? Changing the subject: It's a lovely day, isn't it? ~ Yes, beautiful. By the way, have you seen Melanie? Supporting a statement: We don't need to drive to the club, do we? After all, it's only about 200 metres from here. Dismissing something: I'm not sure a thank-you letter is really necessary. Anyway, I can't be bothered to write one. 153 Exercises 1 Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' (B) What do the underlined words mean? Write and, but or so. ► Daniel's suitcase got left behind. He got it back in the end, however. = but 1 I'm too tired to go for a walk. Besides, it looks like rain. = 2 The road was under water. The police therefore closed it to traffic. = 3 We took lots of photos. We videoed the speeches as well. = 4 It was a terrible journey. Still, we got there safely in the end. = 5 A strike by air traffic controllers has begun. Many flights have 6 The company has spent millions on computers. Nevertheless, it does = 2 Links across sentences (B-C) Complete this letter to a local newspaper. Choose the correct word or phrase. There's been a lot of talk about a 'spaceship' seen over the town at about eleven o'clock on Friday night. (►) As a result/ 3 Links across sentences (C) What would you say? Give your answer using a linking word or phrase. ► Support Emma's opinion: she might not get another offer. After all, you might not get another one. 1 Rephrase what Rita is saying: she doesn't want to see Nick. 2 Change the subject and ask what the time is. Tom: I hope Wayne Johnson will be fit to play for United on Saturday. 3 Dismiss the idea of buying a sweater: they haven't got one in your size. 4 Mention Sarah as an example. Claire: Lots of our friends have mobile phones, don't they? 5 Contradict what Nick says. Nick: Sorry. I persuaded you to see that film and you hated it, didn't you?
Contents Introduction page vi Key to symbols vii Starting test viii Words and sentences 1 Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc 2 2 Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc 4 3 Direct and indirect objects 6 Verbs 4 The present continuous 8 5 The present simple 10 6 Present continuous or simple? 12 7 State verbs and action verbs 14 8 The past simple 18 9 The past continuous 20 10 Past continuous or simple? 22 Test 2: Past simple and past continuous 24 11 The present perfect (1) 26 12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; 13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc 30 14 Present perfect or past simple? (1) 32 15 Present perfect or past simple? (2) 34 16 The present perfect continuous 38 17 Present perfect continuous or simple? 40 18 The past perfect 42 19 Review of the past simple, continuous and 20 The past perfect continuous 46 21 Review of present and past tenses 50 22 Introduction to the future 56 23 Will and shall 58 24 Be going to 60 25 Will and be going to 62 26 Present tenses for the future 64 27 When I get there, before you leave, etc 66
28 Will be doing 70 29 Will have done and was going to 72 30 Review of the future 74 31 The verb have 78 32 Short forms, e.g it's, don't 80 33 Emphatic do 82 Questions, negatives and answers 34 Yes/no questions 84 35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is. 86 36 Wh-questions 88 37 Subject/object questions 90 38 Prepositions in wh-questions 92 39 Who, what or which? 94 40 Negative statements 98 41 Negative questions 100 42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it? 102 43 So/Neither do I and I think so 104 Test 9: Questions, negatives and answers 106 Modal verbs 44 Ability: can, could and be able to 108 45 Permission: can, may, could and 46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, 47 Necessity: must and have to 114 48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc 116 49 Should, ought to, had better and 50 Asking people to do things 120 51 Suggestions, offers and invitations 122 52 Will, would, shall and should 124 53 It may/could/must have been, etc 126 The passive 54 Passive verb forms 130 55 Active and passive (1) 132 56 Active and passive (2) 134 57 Special passive structures 136 58 Have something done 73$ 59 To be done and being done 140 The infinitive and the ing-form 60 Verb + to-infinitive 144 61 Verb + ing-form 146 62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form? 148 63 Like, start, etc 150 64 Remember, regret, try, etc 152 Test 12: Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form 154 65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form 156 66 Question word + to-infinitive 158 67 Adjective + to-infinitive 160 68 For with the to-infinitive 162 69 The infinitive with and without to 164 70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form 166 71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing? 168 72 Used to do and be used to doing 170 73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form 172 74 See it happen or see it happening? 174 75 Some structures with the ing-form 176 Nouns and articles (a/an and the) 76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable 77 A carton of milk, a piece of 78 Nouns that can be either countable or 79 Agreement 186 80 Singular or plural? 188 81 Pair nouns and group nouns 190 82 Two nouns together 192 Test 14: Nouns and agreement 194 83 A/an and the (1) 196 84 A/an and the (2) 198 85 A/an, one and some 200 86 Cars or the cars? 202 87 Prison, school, bed, etc 204 88 On Friday, for lunch, etc 206 89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc 208 90 Place names and the 210 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc 91 This, that, these and those 216 92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc 218 93 The possessive form and of 220 94 Some and any 222 95 A lot of, many, much, (a) few 96 All, half, most, some, no and none 226 97 Every, each, whole, both, either Test 16: This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc 230 Pronouns 98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you 232 99 There and it 234 100 Reflexive pronouns 236 101 Emphatic pronouns and each other 238 102 The pronoun one/ones 240 103 Everyone, something, etc 242 Adjectives and adverbs 104 Adjectives 246 105 The order of adjectives 248 106 The old, the rich, etc 250 107 Interesting and interested 252 108 Adjective or adverb? (1) 254 109 Adjective or adverb? (2) 256 Test 18: Adjectives and adverbs 258 110 Comparative and superlative forms 260 111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1) 264 112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2) 266 113 Adverbs and word order 270 114 Yet, still and already 274 115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite 276 116 Quite and rather 278 117 Too and enough 280 Test 20: Adverbs and word order 282 Prepositions 118 Prepositions of place 284 119 In, on and at (place) 288 120 In, on and at (time) 290 121 For, since, ago and before 292 122 During or while? By or until? As or like? 294 123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday 296 124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with 298 125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of 300 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs 126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for 304 127 Verb + object + preposition 306 128 Phrasal verbs (1) 308 129 Phrasal verbs (2) 310 130 Phrasal verbs (3) 312 131 Verb + adverb + preposition 314 Reported speech 132 Direct speech and reported speech 318 133 Reported speech: person, place and time 320 134 Reported speech: the tense change 322 135 Reported questions 324 136 Reported requests, offers, etc 326 Relative clauses 137 Relative clauses with who, which 138 The relative pronoun as object 332 139 Prepositions in relative clauses 334 140 Relative structures with whose, what 141 The use of relative clauses 338 142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs 340 143 Relative clauses: participle and Test 24: Relative clauses 344 Conditionals and wish 144 Conditionals (1) 346 145 Conditionals (2) 348 146 Conditionals (3) 350 147 Review of conditionals 352 148 If, when, unless and in case 354 149 Wish and if only 356 Test 25: Conditionals and wish 358 Linking words 150 But, although and in spite of 360 151 To, in order to, so that and for 362 152 Review of linking words 364 153 Links across sentences 366 Appendices 1 Word formation 368 2 The spelling of endings 370 3 Punctuation 372 4 Pronunciation 374 5 American English 377 6 Irregular verbs 383 Key to the starting test 385 Key to the exercises 386 Key to the tests 414 Index 425 Key to the exercises Unit 1 1 1 determiner 8 preposition 2 verb 9 linking word 3 pronoun 10 adverb 4 adverb 11 determiner 5 pronoun 12 adjective 6 verb 13 linking word 7 adjective 14 noun 2 Verb: is, loves Adjective: wonderful, old, romantic Adverb: madly, unfortunately, rather Preposition: of, for, at Determiner: a, their, some Pronoun: He, her, they Linking word: and, but, so 3 1 verb 6 verb 2 noun 7 verb 3 adjective 8 noun 4 verb 9 adjective 5 noun 10 verb Unit 2 1 1 subject 4 adverbial 2 verb 5 object 3 complement 6 complement
2 1 e) 2 a) 3 c) 4 d) 3 1 Tom likes football.
2 David had an accident. 3 We moved the piano. 4 Harriet is a tall woman. 5 Everyone sat on the floor. 6 Mike's friends gave him some help. 4 1 also, with several young people 2 first, in 1994 3 naturally, without help 4 fortunately, from the National Lottery Unit 3 1 1 David gave Melanie a sweater. 2 Laura gave Trevor a scarf. 3 Emma gave Matthew a tennis racket. 4 Henry gave Claire a necklace. 2 1 sold her bike to her sister. 2 told the joke to all his friends. 3 gave her neighbour some help. 4 wrote her teacher a letter. 3 1 for 2 to 3 to 4 for 5 for 6 to 4 1 them to the bottle bank. 2 me a job. 3 them to the police. 4 you my umbrella. Unit 4 1 1 They're/They are playing basketball. 2 She's/She is taking a photo. 3 He's/He is painting a picture. 4 They're/They are carrying a parcel. 2 1 are trying 5 We aren't spending 2 are you finding 6 It isn't taking 3 is helping 7 are you waiting 4 We're/We are 8 I'm/I am correcting 3 1 it's/it is raining. 2 I'm/I am working. 3 you're/you are sitting on my coat. 4 I'm/I am writing an important letter. 5 I'm/I am getting/feeling better. Unit 5 1 1 a feeling 5 a thought 2 a repeated action 6 a feeling 3 a fact 7 a repeated action 4 a fact 8 a thought 2 1 doesn't speak 6 don't look 2 walk 7 doesn't work 3 needs 8 don't like 4 love 9 wins 5 doesn't eat 10 don't own 3 1 I go 8 does it cost 2 comes 9 I don't know 3 we travel 10 that doesn't matter 4 don't you come 11 I don't want 5 doesn't make 12 Does that annoy 6 do you take 13 it doesn't annoy 7 I love 14 find Unit 6 l 1 He's/He is talking 8 You know 2 I think 9 1 give 3 they're/they are 10 she gives 4 Are you looking 12 It saves 5 Do you know 13 I agree 6 works 14 I'm/I am wasting 7 She doesn't work 2 1 It's/It is snowing, It's/It is coming 2 I start, I'm/I am starting 3 I'm/I am going, I drive 4 rises, we're/we are travelling 5 I'm/I am writing, I promise 6 I want, I'm/I am saving 3 1 she always takes 2 She's/She is always missing 3 do you always go 4 They're/They are always arguing. Unit 7 1 1 state 4 action 2 action 5 state 3 state 2 1 I think 5 you're having 2 I have 6 you're thinking 3 it didn't fit 7 I come 4 I see 8 It weighed 3 1 are being 4 're/are 2 's/is 5 's being/is being 3 're being/are being 4 1 And I've still got a chance to win. 2 It's too expensive to buy. 3 It uses so much petrol. 4 I think it's going to be perfect for me. 5 I've never wanted to change it. Unit 8 1 1 She swam in the sea. 2 She had a picnic. 3 She played volleyball. 4 She went out dancing. 2 1 were 7 arrived 2 started 8 fought 3 saw 9 brought 4 called 10 entered 5 tried 11 found 6 was 3 1 We didn't try 5 I didn't like 2 did you see 6 did Sarah enjoy 3 I didn't know 7 I didn't want 4 did you go Unit 9 1 1 were watching television 2 were dancing in the street 3 was driving his taxi 4 was writing an essay 2 1 were you doing 4 I was going 2 I was taking 5 You weren't looking 3 She was coming 6 you were going 3 11 was making phone calls all evening. 2 I was waiting in the rain for half an hour. 3 I was making sandwiches all afternoon. 4 I was sitting in a traffic jam for two hours. 5 My neighbour was playing loud music all night. Unit 10 1 1 He sat down on a chair while I was painting it. 2 As he was running for a bus, he collided with a 3 His hair caught fire when he was cooking chips. 4 When he was holding a beautiful vase, he suddenly 5 He was sitting in the garden when a wasp stung him 2 1 We lost 6 were playing 2 it came 7 I was working 3 was coming 8 I lost 4 went 9 I got 5 fell 10 did 3 1 The train was waiting when we arrived at the station. 2 I was reading a library book when I found a £10 3 Sarah had an electric shock when she touched the 4 When the doors opened, the crowd rushed in. 5 When the campers woke, they saw that the sun was Unit 11 1 1 She's/She has repaired it. 2 I've/I have opened the window. 3 They've/They have arrived. 4 He's/He has moved it. 5 We've/We have watched all these. 2 1 He's/He has broken his leg. 2 They've/They have built a house. 3 They've/They have seen a film. 4 She's/She has caught a fish. 3 1 I haven't done 8 I've/I have looked 2 hasn't made 9 have you done 3 You haven't put 10 I've/I have painted 4 I've/I have hurt 11 I've/I have cleaned 5 you've/you have 12 We've/We have made 6 have you put 14 you've/you have left 7 It's/It has Unit 12 1 1 just tidied it. 2 He's/He has just made some/it. 3 I've/I have just eaten it. 4 she's/she has just checked them. 5 I've/I have just rung her. 2 1 1 haven't started it yet. 2 I've/I have just seen Andrew 3 he's/he has already done 4 I haven't finished my plan yet. 5 You've/You have already begun 6 We've/We have already spent 7 I haven't done any real work yet 8 I've/I have just realized 9 I've/I have just decided 3 1 He hasn't had any fun for a long time. 2 He's/He has had a cold for a week. 3 He hasn't seen his friends for ages. 4 He hasn't done any sport since last year. 5 He's/He has been busy with his studies for months. 4 1 rung her since 4 had one since 2 seen them for 5 played (it) since 3 watched one for Unit 13 1 1 been 2 been 3 gone 2 1 Have you ever been to San Francisco? No, I've never been to San Francisco I've been to Los Angeles. 2 Have you ever played basketball? 3 Have you ever seen/read (the play) 'Hamlet'? I've read/seen 'Macbeth'. 3 1 the second time I've lost my bank card. 2 This is the third time the washing-machine has 3 This is the first time I've been in/to England. 4 This is the second time I've stayed in this hotel. 5 This is (about) the fifth time I've missed the bus. 4 1 I haven't seen her today. 2 we haven't been there this weekend. 3 we haven't had one this term. 4 has rung this evening. Unit 14 1 1 have arrived 7 We planted 2 repaired 8 have gone 3 I've/I have lost 9 has turned 4 has started 10 I phoned 5 ran 11 I've/I have made 6 earned 12 broke 2 1 The train drivers have gone on strike. They stopped work(ing) at twelve o'clock. 2 The Queen has arrived in Toronto. She flew there in 3 Two men have escaped from Parkhurst Prison. They 4 The actor Howard Bates has died in a car accident. 5 Linda Jones has won the women's marathon. She 3 1 haven't taken a photo since 2 weeks since I last saw 3 was the last time we played 4 haven't eaten anything for Unit 15 1 1 has stood 4 've/have lived 2 was 5 've/have known 3 stayed 6 were
2 1 b) 2 b) 3 a) 3 1 this, last 3 last, this 2 today, yesterday 4 this, yesterday 4 1 What's/What has 7 You knew happened 8 you didn't tell 2 He's/He has had 9 I didn't see 3 He fell 10 I haven't seen 4 broke 11 He's/He has had 5 did it happen 12 He did 6 told Unit 16 1 1 have you been doing 2 She's/She has been helping 3 have you been studying 4 I've/I have been trying 5 it's/it has been getting 2 1 they've/they have been arguing 2 he's/he has been cooking 3 he's/he has been driving 4 He's/He has been waiting 3 1 Matthew has been swimming for an hour. 2 My friends have been travelling (around the world) 3 Mark has been working for ten hours. 4 Melanie and Rita have been talking for forty 5 How long have you been reading the/that/your Unit 17 1 1 's/has left, He's/He has been cleaning, he's/he has finished 2 I've/I have been working, You've/You have done 3 I've/I have heard, have you been doing, We've/We 2 1 How many miles have you walked? 2 How long have they/the workmen been digging up 3 How many photos have you taken? 4 How long has it been raining? 3 1 I've/I have been clearing 2 I've/I have found 3 You've/You have been sitting 4 I've/I have been watching 5 You've/You have been 6 I've/I have had 7 They've/They have been 8 I've/I have never had Unit 18 1 1 b) 2 a) 3 a) 4 b) 2 1 The train had just gone.
2 The rain had stopped. 3 I'd/1 had forgotten my ticket. 4 They'd/They had stolen it a week before. 5 I hadn't seen her for ages. 6 I'd/I had just cleaned it. 7 I'd/I had already eaten my sandwiches. 3 1 had left 6 had told 2 've/have finished 7 'd had/had had 3 Ve/have eaten 8 's/has started 4 'd/had ordered 9 've/have turned 5 've/have made 10 'd/had made Unit 19 1 1 a) 2 a) 3 b) 4 a) 2 1 When Nick had saved enough money, he bought a motor bike. 2 Mark put all the dishes away when he'd/he had 3 When I'd/I had looked both ways, I pulled out into 4 The golfers went into the clubhouse when 3 1 had decided 7 rang 2 We were waiting 8 They were working 3 I realized 9 heard 4 I'd/I had forgotten 10 They found 5 It was 11 drove 6 I hurried 12 I met
13 We had 17 were sitting 14 I'd/I had said 18 they saw 15 I ran 19 started 16 I got Unit 20 1 1 I'd/1 had been working 2 I hadn't been looking 3 she'd/she had been dealing 4 I'd/I had been waiting 5 I'd/I had been reading 2 1 She'd/She had been crying. 2 He'd/He had been driving too fast. 3 They'd/They had been playing with matches. 4 He'd/He had been standing under a tree. 3 1 had been watching 2 'd/had been playing, hadn't won 3 'd/had been walking, 'd/had walked 4 'd/had stopped, was smoking 5 has been aching 6 was lying, 'd/had bought, 'd/had been reading Unit 21 1 1 She uses it 2 She's/She has lost it 3 We're/We are getting them 4 She's/She is enjoying it 5 I hate it 6 I've/I have checked them 7 They play it 8 You haven't watered them 2 1 I haven't seen you for months. 2 I'm/I am waiting for a (phone) call. 3 I like your (new) jacket. 4 It's/It has been snowing since yesterday.
3 1 a) 2 b) 3 a) 4 b) 5 a) 6 b) 4 1 I've/I have been working
2 she went 3 You've/You have been writing 4 They moved 5 he stopped, I was waiting 5 1 you know 9 I don't often drive 2 David told 10 1 don't like 3 haven't been 11 I ride 4 I started 12 bought 5 have you sold 13 was working 6 I've been learning 14 I'd been doing 7 had 15 I'd earned 8 I've had 6 1 I'm/I am speaking 2 knows 3 had heard 4 he'd/he had been taking (Also possible: he's/he has Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1130
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