CASE HISTORY 1 page

A Introduction

Rita: You go to United's games, don't you, Tom?

You watch them on TV, too. Tom: Well, I'm a fan. It's wonderful when United win.

On the other hand, it's terrible when they lose. Rita: Why not have a change? After all, there are

other things in life. Tom: Such as? Rita: There's music, for example. Why don't you go

to a concert some time? Tom: But I don't like classical music.

Look at the words and phrases too, on the other hand, after all and for example. They all make a link with an earlier sentence. When Rita says There's musk, for example, she is giving an example of other things in life, which she has already mentioned.

B Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so'

'And': Sarah often works late. She works on Saturdays sometimes, too/as well. Sarah often works late. She also works on Saturdays sometimes. Arlene Black has a yacht and a helicopter. In addition, she has five cars. I'm not inviting my cousin — I don't like him. Besides, he didn't invite me to his party. The buildings are in a very poor condition. Furthermore, there is no money to repair them.

'But': I haven't been very well recently. Still, it could be worse.

Nick is in love with Rita. Rita, however, is in love with Tom.

Everyone thought that Emma should accept the offer. Nevertheless/All the same, she turned it down.

I don't want to be late for the meeting. On the other hand, I don't want to get there too early.

'So': The holiday had been a complete disaster. We therefore decided to fly home early if we could. Someone switched the freezer off. Consequently/As a result, all the food was spoilt.

Some of these words and phrases are rather formal and typical of written English. They are consequently, furthermore, however, in addition, nevertheless and therefore.

C Other linking words and phrases

Rephrasing: Jessica isn't the most popular person around here. In other words, no one likes her.

Correcting yourself: We play basketball. I mean/Or rather volleyball.

Contradicting: Sarah isn't lazy. On the contrary, she works extremely hard.

Picking up a topic: I like Natasha. I went on holiday with her. ~ Talking of holidays, what are your

plans for this year?

Changing the subject: It's a lovely day, isn't it? ~ Yes, beautiful. By the way, have you seen Melanie? Supporting a statement: We don't need to drive to the club, do we? After all, it's only about

200 metres from here. Dismissing something: I'm not sure a thank-you letter is really necessary. Anyway, I can't be bothered to

write one.
Giving an example: Yes, I do think Henry is rude. He shouts at waiters, for example/for instance.

153 Exercises

1 Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' (B)

What do the underlined words mean? Write and, but or so.

► Daniel's suitcase got left behind. He got it back in the end, however. = but

1 I'm too tired to go for a walk. Besides, it looks like rain. =

2 The road was under water. The police therefore closed it to traffic. =

3 We took lots of photos. We videoed the speeches as well. =

4 It was a terrible journey. Still, we got there safely in the end. =

5 A strike by air traffic controllers has begun. Many flights have
consequently been cancelled. =

6 The company has spent millions on computers. Nevertheless, it does =
not seem to have become more efficient.

2 Links across sentences (B-C)

Complete this letter to a local newspaper. Choose the correct word or phrase.

There's been a lot of talk about a 'spaceship' seen over the town at about eleven o'clock on Friday night. (►) As a result/Nevertheless, hundreds of enthusiastic sky-watchers have arrived in town, hoping that it will return. But was it really a spaceship? About twenty people say they saw it. (1) Consequently/Furthermore, there is a photograph which is supposed to show the object in the sky. We know, (2) however/as a result, that trick photos are easy to produce. (3) By the way/In other words, it is almost certainly a fake. But it would be wrong to treat the whole thing as a joke. (4) All the same/On the contrary, all such reports should be carefully investigated. (5) After all/Anyway, the arrival of a spacecraft from another world would indeed be a serious matter. But usually there is a more simple explanation. Many supposed spaceships turn out to be weather balloons, (6) for example/or rather. A similar mistake probably lies behind the belief that someone from another world really did pay us a visit last Friday.

3 Links across sentences (C)

What would you say? Give your answer using a linking word or phrase.

► Support Emma's opinion: she might not get another offer.
Emma: You're right. Maybe I should accept the offer.

After all, you might not get another one.

1 Rephrase what Rita is saying: she doesn't want to see Nick.
Rita: I don't know if I'll have time to see Nick.

2 Change the subject and ask what the time is.

Tom: I hope Wayne Johnson will be fit to play for United on Saturday.

3 Dismiss the idea of buying a sweater: they haven't got one in your size.
Daniel: I'm not sure if that sweater really suits you.

4 Mention Sarah as an example.

Claire: Lots of our friends have mobile phones, don't they?

5 Contradict what Nick says.

Nick: Sorry. I persuaded you to see that film and you hated it, didn't you?

Contents

Introduction page vi Key to symbols vii Starting test viii

Words and sentences

1 Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc 2

2 Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc 4

3 Direct and indirect objects 6

Verbs

4 The present continuous 8

5 The present simple 10

6 Present continuous or simple? 12

7 State verbs and action verbs 14
Test 1: Present tenses 16

8 The past simple 18

9 The past continuous 20

10 Past continuous or simple? 22

Test 2: Past simple and past continuous 24

11 The present perfect (1) 26

12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet;
for and since 28

13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc 30

14 Present perfect or past simple? (1) 32

15 Present perfect or past simple? (2) 34
Test 3: Present perfect and past simple 36

16 The present perfect continuous 38

17 Present perfect continuous or simple? 40

18 The past perfect 42

19 Review of the past simple, continuous and
perfect 44

20 The past perfect continuous 46
Test 4: Past and perfect tenses 48

21 Review of present and past tenses 50
Test 5: Present and past tenses 54

22 Introduction to the future 56

23 Will and shall 58

24 Be going to 60

25 Will and be going to 62

26 Present tenses for the future 64

27 When I get there, before you leave, etc 66
Test 6: The future with will, be going to
and present tenses 68

28 Will be doing 70

29 Will have done and was going to 72

30 Review of the future 74
Test 7: The future 76

31 The verb have 78

32 Short forms, e.g it's, don't 80

33 Emphatic do 82

Questions, negatives and answers

34 Yes/no questions 84

35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is. 86

36 Wh-questions 88

37 Subject/object questions 90

38 Prepositions in wh-questions 92

39 Who, what or which? 94
Test 8: Questions 96

40 Negative statements 98

41 Negative questions 100

42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it? 102

43 So/Neither do I and I think so 104

Test 9: Questions, negatives and answers 106

Modal verbs

44 Ability: can, could and be able to 108

45 Permission: can, may, could and
be allowed to 110

46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could,
must, etc 112

47 Necessity: must and have to 114

48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc 116

49 Should, ought to, had better and
be supposed to 118

50 Asking people to do things 120

51 Suggestions, offers and invitations 122

52 Will, would, shall and should 124

53 It may/could/must have been, etc 126
Test 10: Modal verbs 128

The passive

54 Passive verb forms 130

55 Active and passive (1) 132

56 Active and passive (2) 134

57 Special passive structures 136

58 Have something done 73$

59 To be done and being done 140
Test 11: The passive 142

The infinitive and the ing-form

60 Verb + to-infinitive 144

61 Verb + ing-form 146

62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form? 148

63 Like, start, etc 150

64 Remember, regret, try, etc 152

Test 12: Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form 154

65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form 156

66 Question word + to-infinitive 158

67 Adjective + to-infinitive 160

68 For with the to-infinitive 162

69 The infinitive with and without to 164

70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form 166

71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing? 168

72 Used to do and be used to doing 170

73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form 172

74 See it happen or see it happening? 174

75 Some structures with the ing-form 176
Test 13: The infinitive and the ing-form 178

Nouns and articles (a/an and the)

76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable
nouns 180

77 A carton of milk, a piece of
information, etc 182

78 Nouns that can be either countable or
uncountable 184

79 Agreement 186

80 Singular or plural? 188

81 Pair nouns and group nouns 190

82 Two nouns together 192

Test 14: Nouns and agreement 194

83 A/an and the (1) 196

84 A/an and the (2) 198

85 A/an, one and some 200

86 Cars or the cars? 202

87 Prison, school, bed, etc 204

88 On Friday, for lunch, etc 206

89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc 208

90 Place names and the 210
Test 15: A/an and the 214

This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc

91 This, that, these and those 216

92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc 218

93 The possessive form and of 220

94 Some and any 222

95 A lot of, many, much, (a) few
and (a) little 224

96 All, half, most, some, no and none 226

97 Every, each, whole, both, either
and neither 228

Test 16: This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc 230

Pronouns

98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you 232

99 There and it 234

100 Reflexive pronouns 236

101 Emphatic pronouns and each other 238

102 The pronoun one/ones 240

103 Everyone, something, etc 242
Test 17: Pronouns 244

Adjectives and adverbs

104 Adjectives 246

105 The order of adjectives 248

106 The old, the rich, etc 250

107 Interesting and interested 252

108 Adjective or adverb? (1) 254

109 Adjective or adverb? (2) 256

Test 18: Adjectives and adverbs 258

110 Comparative and superlative forms 260

111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1) 264

112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2) 266
Test 19: Comparative and superlative 268

113 Adverbs and word order 270

114 Yet, still and already 274

115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite 276

116 Quite and rather 278

117 Too and enough 280

Test 20: Adverbs and word order 282

Prepositions

118 Prepositions of place 284

119 In, on and at (place) 288

120 In, on and at (time) 290

121 For, since, ago and before 292

122 During or while? By or until? As or like? 294

123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday 296

124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with 298

125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of 300
Test 21: Prepositions 302

Verbs with prepositions and adverbs

126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for 304

127 Verb + object + preposition 306

128 Phrasal verbs (1) 308

129 Phrasal verbs (2) 310

130 Phrasal verbs (3) 312

131 Verb + adverb + preposition 314
Test 22: Verbs with prepositions and
adverbs 316

Reported speech

132 Direct speech and reported speech 318

133 Reported speech: person, place and time 320

134 Reported speech: the tense change 322

135 Reported questions 324

136 Reported requests, offers, etc 326
Test 23: Reported speech 328

Relative clauses

137 Relative clauses with who, which
and that 330

138 The relative pronoun as object 332

139 Prepositions in relative clauses 334

140 Relative structures with whose, what
and it 336

141 The use of relative clauses 338

142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs 340

143 Relative clauses: participle and
to-infinitive 342

Test 24: Relative clauses 344

Conditionals and wish

144 Conditionals (1) 346

145 Conditionals (2) 348

146 Conditionals (3) 350

147 Review of conditionals 352

148 If, when, unless and in case 354

149 Wish and if only 356

Test 25: Conditionals and wish 358

Linking words

150 But, although and in spite of 360

151 To, in order to, so that and for 362

152 Review of linking words 364

153 Links across sentences 366

Appendices

1 Word formation 368

2 The spelling of endings 370

3 Punctuation 372

4 Pronunciation 374

5 American English 377

6 Irregular verbs 383

Key to the starting test 385 Key to the exercises 386 Key to the tests 414 Index 425

Key to the exercises

Unit 1

1 1 determiner 8 preposition

2 verb 9 linking word

3 pronoun 10 adverb

4 adverb 11 determiner

5 pronoun 12 adjective

6 verb 13 linking word

7 adjective 14 noun

2 Verb: is, loves
Noun: Claire, cafe

Adjective: wonderful, old, romantic Adverb: madly, unfortunately, rather Preposition: of, for, at Determiner: a, their, some Pronoun: He, her, they Linking word: and, but, so

3 1 verb 6 verb

2 noun 7 verb

3 adjective 8 noun

4 verb 9 adjective

5 noun 10 verb

Unit 2

1 1 subject 4 adverbial

2 verb 5 object

3 complement 6 complement

2 1 e) 2 a) 3 c) 4 d)

3 1 Tom likes football.

2 David had an accident.

3 We moved the piano.

4 Harriet is a tall woman.

5 Everyone sat on the floor.

6 Mike's friends gave him some help.

4 1 also, with several young people

2 first, in 1994

3 naturally, without help

4 fortunately, from the National Lottery

Unit 3

1 1 David gave Melanie a sweater.

2 Laura gave Trevor a scarf.

3 Emma gave Matthew a tennis racket.

4 Henry gave Claire a necklace.

2 1 sold her bike to her sister.

2 told the joke to all his friends.

3 gave her neighbour some help.

4 wrote her teacher a letter.

3 1 for 2 to 3 to 4 for 5 for 6 to

4 1 them to the bottle bank.

2 me a job.

3 them to the police.

4 you my umbrella.

Unit 4

1 1 They're/They are playing basketball.

2 She's/She is taking a photo.

3 He's/He is painting a picture.

4 They're/They are carrying a parcel.

2 1 are trying 5 We aren't spending

2 are you finding 6 It isn't taking

3 is helping 7 are you waiting

4 We're/We are 8 I'm/I am correcting
getting

3 1 it's/it is raining.

2 I'm/I am working.

3 you're/you are sitting on my coat.

4 I'm/I am writing an important letter.

5 I'm/I am getting/feeling better.

Unit 5

1 1 a feeling 5 a thought

2 a repeated action 6 a feeling

3 a fact 7 a repeated action

4 a fact 8 a thought

2 1 doesn't speak 6 don't look

2 walk 7 doesn't work

3 needs 8 don't like

4 love 9 wins

5 doesn't eat 10 don't own

3 1 I go 8 does it cost

2 comes 9 I don't know

3 we travel 10 that doesn't matter

4 don't you come 11 I don't want

5 doesn't make 12 Does that annoy

6 do you take 13 it doesn't annoy

7 I love 14 find

Unit 6

l 1 He's/He is talking 8 You know

2 I think 9 1 give

3 they're/they are 10 she gives
discussing 11 She lives

4 Are you looking 12 It saves

5 Do you know 13 I agree

6 works 14 I'm/I am wasting

7 She doesn't work

2 1 It's/It is snowing, It's/It is coming

2 I start, I'm/I am starting

3 I'm/I am going, I drive

4 rises, we're/we are travelling

5 I'm/I am writing, I promise

6 I want, I'm/I am saving

3 1 she always takes

2 She's/She is always missing

3 do you always go

4 They're/They are always arguing.

Unit 7

1 1 state 4 action

2 action 5 state

3 state

2 1 I think 5 you're having

2 I have 6 you're thinking

3 it didn't fit 7 I come

4 I see 8 It weighed

3 1 are being 4 're/are

2 's/is 5 's being/is being

3 're being/are being

4 1 And I've still got a chance to win.

2 It's too expensive to buy.

3 It uses so much petrol.

4 I think it's going to be perfect for me.

5 I've never wanted to change it.

Unit 8

1 1 She swam in the sea.

2 She had a picnic.

3 She played volleyball.

4 She went out dancing.

2 1 were 7 arrived

2 started 8 fought

3 saw 9 brought

4 called 10 entered

5 tried 11 found

6 was

3 1 We didn't try 5 I didn't like

2 did you see 6 did Sarah enjoy

3 I didn't know 7 I didn't want

4 did you go

Unit 9

1 1 were watching television

2 were dancing in the street

3 was driving his taxi

4 was writing an essay

2 1 were you doing 4 I was going

2 I was taking 5 You weren't looking

3 She was coming 6 you were going

3 11 was making phone calls all evening.

2 I was waiting in the rain for half an hour.

3 I was making sandwiches all afternoon.

4 I was sitting in a traffic jam for two hours.

5 My neighbour was playing loud music all night.

Unit 10

1 1 He sat down on a chair while I was painting it.

2 As he was running for a bus, he collided with a
lamppost.

3 His hair caught fire when he was cooking chips.

4 When he was holding a beautiful vase, he suddenly
dropped it.

5 He was sitting in the garden when a wasp stung him
on the nose.

2 1 We lost 6 were playing

2 it came 7 I was working

3 was coming 8 I lost

4 went 9 I got

5 fell 10 did

3 1 The train was waiting when we arrived at the

station.

2 I was reading a library book when I found a £10
note in it.

3 Sarah had an electric shock when she touched the
wire.

4 When the doors opened, the crowd rushed in.

5 When the campers woke, they saw that the sun was
shining.

Unit 11

1 1 She's/She has repaired it.

2 I've/I have opened the window.

3 They've/They have arrived.

4 He's/He has moved it.

5 We've/We have watched all these.

2 1 He's/He has broken his leg.

2 They've/They have built a house.

3 They've/They have seen a film.

4 She's/She has caught a fish.

3 1 I haven't done 8 I've/I have looked

2 hasn't made 9 have you done

3 You haven't put 10 I've/I have painted

4 I've/I have hurt 11 I've/I have cleaned

5 you've/you have 12 We've/We have made
had 13 has that brush gone

6 have you put 14 you've/you have left

7 It's/It has
disappeared

Unit 12

1 1 just tidied it.

2 He's/He has just made some/it.

3 I've/I have just eaten it.

4 she's/she has just checked them.

5 I've/I have just rung her.

2 1 1 haven't started it yet.

2 I've/I have just seen Andrew

3 he's/he has already done

4 I haven't finished my plan yet.

5 You've/You have already begun

6 We've/We have already spent

7 I haven't done any real work yet

8 I've/I have just realized

9 I've/I have just decided

3 1 He hasn't had any fun for a long time.

2 He's/He has had a cold for a week.

3 He hasn't seen his friends for ages.

4 He hasn't done any sport since last year.

5 He's/He has been busy with his studies for months.

4 1 rung her since 4 had one since

2 seen them for 5 played (it) since

3 watched one for

Unit 13

1 1 been 2 been 3 gone

2 1 Have you ever been to San Francisco?

No, I've never been to San Francisco I've been to Los Angeles.

2 Have you ever played basketball?
No, I've never played basketball
I've played volleyball.

3 Have you ever seen/read (the play) 'Hamlet'?
No, I've never read/seen 'Hamlet'

I've read/seen 'Macbeth'.

3 1 the second time I've lost my bank card.

2 This is the third time the washing-machine has
broken down.

3 This is the first time I've been in/to England.

4 This is the second time I've stayed in this hotel.

5 This is (about) the fifth time I've missed the bus.

4 1 I haven't seen her today.

2 we haven't been there this weekend.

3 we haven't had one this term.

4 has rung this evening.

Unit 14

1 1 have arrived 7 We planted

2 repaired 8 have gone

3 I've/I have lost 9 has turned

4 has started 10 I phoned

5 ran 11 I've/I have made

6 earned 12 broke

2 1 The train drivers have gone on strike. They stopped

work(ing) at twelve o'clock.

2 The Queen has arrived in Toronto. She flew there in
an RAF aircraft.

3 Two men have escaped from Parkhurst Prison. They
got away during the night.

4 The actor Howard Bates has died in a car accident.
His car crashed into a wall.

5 Linda Jones has won the women's marathon. She
ran it in 2 hours 27 minutes.

3 1 haven't taken a photo since

2 weeks since I last saw

3 was the last time we played

4 haven't eaten anything for

Unit 15

1 1 has stood 4 've/have lived

2 was 5 've/have known

3 stayed 6 were

2 1 b) 2 b) 3 a)

3 1 this, last 3 last, this

2 today, yesterday 4 this, yesterday

4 1 What's/What has 7 You knew

happened 8 you didn't tell

2 He's/He has had 9 I didn't see

3 He fell 10 I haven't seen

4 broke 11 He's/He has had

5 did it happen 12 He did

6 told

Unit 16

1 1 have you been doing

2 She's/She has been helping

3 have you been studying

4 I've/I have been trying

5 it's/it has been getting

2 1 they've/they have been arguing

2 he's/he has been cooking

3 he's/he has been driving

4 He's/He has been waiting

3 1 Matthew has been swimming for an hour.

2 My friends have been travelling (around the world)
for three months.

3 Mark has been working for ten hours.

4 Melanie and Rita have been talking for forty
minutes.

5 How long have you been reading the/that/your
book?

Unit 17

1 1 's/has left, He's/He has been cleaning, he's/he has

finished

2 I've/I have been working, You've/You have done

3 I've/I have heard, have you been doing, We've/We
have done

2 1 How many miles have you walked?

2 How long have they/the workmen been digging up
the road?

3 How many photos have you taken?

4 How long has it been raining?

3 1 I've/I have been clearing

2 I've/I have found

3 You've/You have been sitting

4 I've/I have been watching

5 You've/You have been

6 I've/I have had

7 They've/They have been

8 I've/I have never had

Unit 18

1 1 b) 2 a) 3 a) 4 b)

2 1 The train had just gone.

2 The rain had stopped.

3 I'd/1 had forgotten my ticket.

4 They'd/They had stolen it a week before.

5 I hadn't seen her for ages.

6 I'd/I had just cleaned it.

7 I'd/I had already eaten my sandwiches.

3 1 had left 6 had told

2 've/have finished 7 'd had/had had

3 Ve/have eaten 8 's/has started

4 'd/had ordered 9 've/have turned

5 've/have made 10 'd/had made

Unit 19

1 1 a) 2 a) 3 b) 4 a)

2 1 When Nick had saved enough money, he bought a

motor bike.

2 Mark put all the dishes away when he'd/he had
dried them.

3 When I'd/I had looked both ways, I pulled out into
the road.

4 The golfers went into the clubhouse when
they'd/they had played the last hole.

3 1 had decided 7 rang

2 We were waiting 8 They were working

3 I realized 9 heard

4 I'd/I had forgotten 10 They found

5 It was 11 drove

6 I hurried 12 I met

13 We had 17 were sitting

14 I'd/I had said 18 they saw

15 I ran 19 started

16 I got

Unit 20

1 1 I'd/1 had been working

2 I hadn't been looking

3 she'd/she had been dealing

4 I'd/I had been waiting

5 I'd/I had been reading

2 1 She'd/She had been crying.

2 He'd/He had been driving too fast.

3 They'd/They had been playing with matches.

4 He'd/He had been standing under a tree.

3 1 had been watching

2 'd/had been playing, hadn't won

3 'd/had been walking, 'd/had walked

4 'd/had stopped, was smoking

5 has been aching

6 was lying, 'd/had bought, 'd/had been reading

Unit 21

1 1 She uses it

2 She's/She has lost it

3 We're/We are getting them

4 She's/She is enjoying it

5 I hate it

6 I've/I have checked them

7 They play it

8 You haven't watered them

2 1 I haven't seen you for months.

2 I'm/I am waiting for a (phone) call.

3 I like your (new) jacket.

4 It's/It has been snowing since yesterday.

3 1 a) 2 b) 3 a) 4 b) 5 a) 6 b)

4 1 I've/I have been working

2 she went

3 You've/You have been writing

4 They moved

5 he stopped, I was waiting

5 1 you know 9 I don't often drive

2 David told 10 1 don't like

3 haven't been 11 I ride

4 I started 12 bought

5 have you sold 13 was working

6 I've been learning 14 I'd been doing

7 had 15 I'd earned

8 I've had

6 1 I'm/I am speaking

2 knows

3 had heard

4 he'd/he had been taking (Also possible: he's/he has
been taking)

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1003