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VOCABULARY AS A SYSTEM
The vocabulary of a language is not chaotic but systematic. Groupings can be distinguished according to several principles: synchronic, diachronic; semantic; formal (structural) etc.
| aspect | dimension taken into consideration | groupings (popular terms) | example of scales and illustrations | |
| alphabetical aspect | sound | A B C D E etc | A, ab, aba, abac, abaca, aback, abactinal etc. | |
| rhyming aspect | ness, deaness, librarianess, titaness, sultaness, drabnes,glibness, dubness… | |||
| word length | number of letters or syllables | monosyllables, polysyllables | man, nice, interesting | |
| word frequency | frequency of usage | basic/core | be, have, a, the, of | |
| non-basic/periphery | slang, argot, terminology, dialectal words, neologisms | |||
| morphological aspect | number and type of morphemes | root/morpheme words (one free morpheme only) | hand | |
| derivatives (min 2 morphemes, at least one is bound) | handed, handedness, handful | |||
| compounds (min 2 free morphemes, bound morphemes are possible) | hand-made, handclasp, hand-up, hand-to-scale | |||
| compound derivatives (min 2 free morphemes, and 1 bound morpheme referring to the whole) | hander-up hand-tooled, hand-to-mouth | |||
| common morpheme | root (word-family) | hand, handclasp, handed, handedness, hand-up, hander-up, handful, hand-made, hand-pick, hand-picked, hand-to-mouth, hand-tooled, hand-to-scale, | ||
| affix (word-family) | handful, hopeful, fruitful, beautiful; overdo, overeat, oversleep, overestimate | |||
| origin | source (+degree of assimilation, + borrowed aspect) | native | father, nose, cow, tree, red, be, to stand, to sit to see, to hear, fox, grass, fur, head, old, good bird, boy, lady, girl, lord, woman, daisy, always | |
| borrowing/loan-word | face, husband, table rajah, restaurant, cliché, datum, avocado, chao, lambada, pipe of peace, by heart, fair sex, superman | |||
| semantic, functional aspects | notion | content words (denoting clear notions) | nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, adverbs | |
| functional/empty/clear/form words (expressing the relations between notions, words, sentences) | conjunctions, auxiliaries, articles, prepositions | |||
| lexico-grammatical aspect (several groupings constitute a part of speech) | common lexico-grammatical meaning, paradigm, substituting elements and possibly a characteristic set of affixes | English nouns , etc. | personal names, animal names, collective names, abstract nouns, material nouns, object nouns, toponymic proper nouns, etc | |
| linguistic and extra-linguistic aspect | the things which the words refer to are closely connected and occur together in reality; common part of speech and lexico-grammatical group | thematic groups | terms of kinship (father, mother, sister, son etc); colours (white, black, green, grey etc); | |
| the things which the words refer to are closely connected and occur together in reality; signification, the system of logical notions, grammatical meaning is not considered | ideographic groups | verbs, nouns , adjectives together (light n, to shine v, bright adj.) | ||
| semantic aspect | similarity of meaning | synonyms euphemisms lexical variants | nice-fine-beautiful, wonderful-cool-rad, motherland-fatherland; to die-to pass away-to go to Philadelphia; whoever-whosoever, whisky-whiskey; | |
| difference in meaning | antonyms paronyms malapropisms | up-down, hopeful-hopeless; economic-economical; ‘dance a flamingo’ (instead of flamenco), reprehend-instead of comprehend | ||
| relations of inclusion | hyperonyms/ hyponyms | animal (cat, dog, pig) | ||
| semantic structure | monosemic word | radar, biochemistry | ||
| polysemic word | face, hand, to go, heavy | |||
| semantic diffusion | thing | |||
| semantic unity, structural stability, figurativeness | phraseological units | to show the white feather, to buy smth for a song, a snake in the grass, to bear a grudge | ||
| phraseological expressions | The devil is not as black as it’s painted | |||
| free phrases | to come home | |||
| stylistic aspect | register | neutral | to speak, man, often | |
| literary-bookish/ formal words | learned words terms | solitude, cordial, miscellaneous, knee-joint, still life | ||
| colloquial | standard/literary colloquialisms | granny, let-down, baby-sit, touchy | ||
| substandard/ non-literary colloquialisms | whatchamacallit, whodunit, absobludylutely | |||
| pragmatic aspect | emotionality (attitude) | appreciative neutral derogatory expletive words | high-elevated/poetic words, profanity, obscenity, blasphemy; oath or swear words | |
| quantitative change; time axis | currency (period) | neologism | Nick (“newly-industrializing company), teledish (“aerial”) | |
| archaic words | obsolete word, historism | ere (“before”); diligence | ||
| frequential aspect | frequency of occurrence | basic (frequent) nonce-words | He ha-ha’d (“laughed). | |
| motivation of structure | structural pattern | motivated | mouth of the river, buzz, giggle, self-made, | |
| non-motivated words with faded motivation | to earn, table | |||
| sociolinguistic aspect | function and regionality | standard varieties, dialect, pidgin, creole etc | British English, American English, Canadian English; Caribbean English; Manx English; Aboriginal English; Chinook jargon etc |
Date: 2015-02-03; view: 1300
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