| VOCABULARY AS A SYSTEMThe vocabulary of a language is not chaotic but systematic. Groupings can be distinguished according to several principles: synchronic, diachronic; semantic; formal (structural) etc.
| aspect
| dimension taken into consideration
| groupings (popular terms)
| example of scales and illustrations
| | alphabetical aspect
| sound
| A B C D E etc
| A, ab, aba, abac, abaca, aback, abactinal etc.
| | rhyming aspect
| ness, deaness, librarianess, titaness, sultaness, drabnes,glibness, dubness…
| | word length
| number of letters or syllables
| monosyllables, polysyllables
| man, nice, interesting
| | word frequency
| frequency of usage
| basic/core
| be, have, a, the, of
| | non-basic/periphery
| slang, argot, terminology, dialectal words, neologisms
| | morphological aspect
| number and type of morphemes
| root/morpheme words (one free morpheme only)
| hand
| | derivatives (min 2 morphemes, at least one is bound)
| handed, handedness, handful
| | compounds (min 2 free morphemes, bound morphemes are possible)
| hand-made, handclasp, hand-up, hand-to-scale
| | compound derivatives (min 2 free morphemes, and 1 bound morpheme referring to the whole)
| hander-up
hand-tooled, hand-to-mouth
| | common morpheme
| root (word-family)
| hand, handclasp, handed, handedness, hand-up, hander-up, handful, hand-made, hand-pick, hand-picked, hand-to-mouth, hand-tooled, hand-to-scale,
| | affix (word-family)
| handful, hopeful, fruitful, beautiful;
overdo, overeat, oversleep, overestimate
| | origin
| source
(+degree of assimilation, +
borrowed aspect)
| native
| father, nose, cow, tree, red, be, to stand, to sit
to see, to hear, fox, grass, fur, head, old, good
bird, boy, lady, girl, lord, woman, daisy, always
| | borrowing/loan-word
| face, husband, table
rajah, restaurant, cliché, datum, avocado, chao, lambada, pipe of peace, by heart, fair sex, superman
| | semantic, functional aspects
| notion
| content words (denoting clear notions)
| nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, adverbs
| | functional/empty/clear/form words (expressing the relations between notions, words, sentences)
| conjunctions, auxiliaries, articles, prepositions
| | lexico-grammatical aspect (several groupings constitute a part of speech)
| common lexico-grammatical meaning, paradigm, substituting elements and possibly a characteristic set of affixes
| English nouns , etc.
| personal names, animal names, collective names, abstract nouns, material nouns, object nouns, toponymic proper nouns, etc
| | linguistic and extra-linguistic aspect
| the things which the words refer to are closely connected and occur together in reality; common part of speech and lexico-grammatical group
| thematic groups
| terms of kinship (father, mother, sister, son etc); colours (white, black, green, grey etc);
| | the things which the words refer to are closely connected and occur together in reality; signification, the system of logical notions, grammatical meaning is not considered
| ideographic groups
| verbs, nouns , adjectives together (light n, to shine v, bright adj.)
| | semantic aspect
| similarity of meaning
| synonyms
euphemisms
lexical variants
| nice-fine-beautiful, wonderful-cool-rad, motherland-fatherland;
to die-to pass away-to go to Philadelphia;
whoever-whosoever, whisky-whiskey;
| | difference in meaning
| antonyms
paronyms
malapropisms
| up-down, hopeful-hopeless; economic-economical;
‘dance a flamingo’
(instead of flamenco), reprehend-instead of comprehend
| | relations of inclusion
| hyperonyms/ hyponyms
| animal (cat, dog, pig)
| | semantic structure
| monosemic word
| radar, biochemistry
| | polysemic word
| face, hand, to go, heavy
| | semantic diffusion
| thing
| | semantic unity, structural stability, figurativeness
| phraseological units
| to show the white feather, to buy smth for a song, a snake in the grass, to bear a grudge
| | phraseological expressions
| The devil is not as black as it’s painted
| | free phrases
| to come home
| | stylistic aspect
| register
| neutral
|
| to speak, man, often
| | literary-bookish/
formal words
| learned words
terms
| solitude, cordial, miscellaneous,
knee-joint, still life
| | colloquial
| standard/literary colloquialisms
| granny, let-down, baby-sit, touchy
| | substandard/
non-literary colloquialisms
| whatchamacallit, whodunit, absobludylutely
| | pragmatic aspect
| emotionality (attitude)
| appreciative
neutral
derogatory
expletive words
| high-elevated/poetic words, profanity, obscenity, blasphemy;
oath or swear words
| | quantitative change; time axis
| currency (period)
| neologism
| Nick (“newly-industrializing company), teledish (“aerial”)
| | archaic words
| obsolete word,
historism
| ere (“before”);
diligence
| | frequential aspect
| frequency of occurrence
| basic (frequent)
nonce-words
|
He ha-ha’d (“laughed).
| | motivation of structure
| structural pattern
| motivated
| mouth of the river, buzz, giggle, self-made,
| | non-motivated
words with faded motivation
| to earn, table
| | sociolinguistic aspect
| function and regionality
| standard varieties, dialect, pidgin, creole etc
| British English, American English, Canadian English;
Caribbean English; Manx English; Aboriginal English; Chinook jargon etc
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Date: 2015-02-03; view: 1062
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