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Phonetic drills. Practise reading the words.

urine [‘juərin], urinary [‘juərinri], excretory [eks’kri:təri], ureters [juə‘ri:təz], urethra [juə‘ri:θrə], failure [‘feilə], urination [,juə‘ri’nei∫n], renal failure [‘ri:nl ‘feiljə], acute [ə‘kju:t], chronic [‘kr nik], adequately [‘ædikwətli], injury [’ind3əri], diabetes [,daiə’bi:ti:z], urea [‘juəri;ə], nocturnal [n k’tə:nl], urination [,juəri‘nei∫n], excess [ik’ses], hyperplasia [,haipə‘plei∫iə], accidents [‘æksidənts], injury [‘ind3əri], supply [sə‘plai], approximately [ə‘pr ksimətli], damage [‘dæmid3], pressure [‘pre∫ə], intravenous [,intrə‘vi:nəs], dialysis [dai’æləsis], transplant [træn’spla:nt, tr n’spla:nt]

2.Make a report on renal failure according to the plan below:

Definition:a situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately.

Classification: two forms of renal failure: acute (acute kidney injury) and chronic (chronic kidney disease).

Causes of acute kidney failure: the result of a sudden interruption in the blood supply to the kidney, or as a result of a toxic overload of the kidneys. Some causes of acute failure: accidents, injuries or complications from surgery where the kidneys are deprived of normal blood flow for an extended period of time, heart-bypass surgery, drug overdoses, whether accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, etc.

Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: no symptoms; but if the kidney failure continues then symptoms will become noticeable; symptoms of kidney failure: high levels of urea in the blood; vomiting and/or diarrhea, which may lead to dehydration; nausea; weight loss; nocturnal urination; foamy or bubbly urine; more frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine; less frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine; blood in the urine; pressure, or difficulty urinating; itching; bone damage; muscle cramps (caused by low levels of calcium which can cause hypocalcaemia); a build up of potassium in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called hyperkalemia): abnormal heart rhythms, muscle paralysis; failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause: swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face and/or hands, shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia), polycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver: pain in the back or side; feeling tired and/or weak, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, low blood pressure; other symptoms: appetite loss, a bad taste in the mouth, difficulty sleeping, darkening of the skin, etc.

Treatment of acute kidney failure: avoidance of substances that are toxic to the kidneys, called nephrotoxins; monitoring of renal function, urinary catheters; specific therapies: intravenous fluids, steroid medications, nephrostomy or urinary catheter, diuretics, renal replacement therapy, etc.



Treatment of chronic kidney failure: control of blood pressure and treatment of the original disease; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs); replacement therapy: in the form of either dialysis or a transplant; dietary modifications, etc.

Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation: the organ transplant of a kidney ‘plei∫iə] into a patient with end-stage renal disease.

3. Self-improvement work. Conversational topic: Renal Failure. Read and translate the following text, fill in the blanks with the right verb form.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) (to develop) ______________ slowly and (to show) ____________ few symptoms initially. It can (to be) ____ the complication of a large number of kidney diseases, such as IgA nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis and urinary retention. End-stage renal failure (ESRF) (to be) _____ the consequence, in which case dialysis (to require) _____ generally _______________ until a donor for a renal transplant (to find) _______________. Treatment modalities for ESRF (to include) ____________ peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and transplantion from either a living or cadaveric donor. Of these, renal transplantation (to afford) ________________ the best quality and quantity of life to the patient, provided they (to be) _____ an appropriate candidate.

 

Acute renal failure (ARF) (to be) _____ a rapidly progressive loss of renal function, generally characterised by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 400 mL per day in adults, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants); body water and body fluids disturbances; and electrolyte derangement. An underlying cause must (to identify) _________________ to arrest the progress, and dialysis may (to be) _______ necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes.


Date: 2015-12-24; view: 367


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Phonetic drills. Practise reading the words. | Phonetic drills. Practise reading the words.
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