Phonetic drills. Practise reading the words.

urine [‘juərin], urinary [‘juərinri], urination [,juə‘ri’nei∫n], injury [’ind3əri], hematuria [,hi:mə‘tjuriə], hydration [hai’drei∫n], encourage [in’kΛrid3], catheters [‘kæθitəz], malformations [,mæl’f :mei∫nz], dysuria [dis’juəriə, dis’juiriə], urge [ə:d3], diarrhea [,daiə‘riə], appetite [‘æpitait], nausea [‘n :siə], fever [‘fi:və], incontinence [in’k ntinəns], malaise [mə‘leiz, mæ‘leiz], capsules [‘kæpsju:lz], estrogen [‘i:strəd3ən] , cream [kri:m], hygiene [‘haid3i:n]

2.Make a report on kidney stones according to the plan below:

Definition: a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract.

The main etiologic agent: Escherichia coli.

Causes and risk factors: urinary catheters, genetics, a family histori of UTI, diabetes, sickle-cell disease or anatomical malformations of the urinary tract such as prostate enlargement, blood born infections, etc.

The most common type of UTI: acute cystitis often referred to as a bladder infection.

Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: burning with urination (dysuria); frequency of urination; an urge to urinate; pyelonephritis: flank pain and a fever; in young children: diarrhea; loss of appetite; nausea and vomiting; fever and excessive crying that cannot be resolved by typical measures; in older children: abdominal pain, incontinence; in adults: hematuria (blood in the urine); inability to urinate despite the urge and malaise; other signs of urinary tract infections: foul smelling urine and urine that appears cloudy.

Epidemiology: Women are more prone to UTIs than men because in females the urethra is much shorter and closer to the anus than in males, and they lack the bacteriostatic properties of prostatic secretions.

In the USA, urinary tract infections account for nearly 7 million office visits and 1 million emergency department visits, resulting in 100,000 hospitalizations.

Diagnosis: urinalysis, urine culture, imaging study, retrograde urethrography, x-ray, nuclear medicine, MRI and CT scans, etc.

Treatment and prevention:a prolonged course ( 6 months to a year ) of low-dose antibiotics, oral antibiotics such as trimethoprim, cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin, or a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin; IV antibiotics; cranberry (juice or capsules), topical estrogen cream, changes in the personal hygiene, drinking water etc.

Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of UTIs in infants.

3. Self-improvement work. Conversational topic: Kidney Stones. Read and translate the following text, fill in the blanks with the right verb form.

Kidney stones (to form) _______________ inside the kidneys or ureters. If stones (to grow) ________ to sufficient size before passage at least 2-3 millimeters--they can (to cause) ____________ obstruction of the ureter. This can (to cause) ____________ severe episodic pain, most commonly felt in the flank, lower abdomen and groin (This condition (to call) _____________ renal colic). Renal colic can (to associate) ___________ with nausea and vomiting due to the embyrological association of the kidneys and the intestinal tract. Recurrence rates (to estimate) _______________________at about 10% per year.

Kidney stones (to be) _____ usually asymptomatic until they (to obstruct) _________ the flow of urine. Symptoms can (to include) ____________ acute flank pain (renal colic), nausea and vomiting, restlessness, dull pain, hematuria, and possibly fever if an infection (to be) _______ present. Acute renal colic (to describe) _____________ as one of the worst types of pain that a patient can (to suffer) _______________.

Some patients show no symptoms until their urine (to turn) ________ bloody—this may (to be) _____ the first symptom of a kidney stone. About 15% of proven kidney stone patients may not (to show) _________ even microscopic hematuria so this (not to consider) __________________________ a definitive diagnostic sign.

Diagnosis (to make) _____ usually __________ on the basis of the location and severity of the pain, which (to be) _______typically colic in nature (comes and goes in spasmodic waves). Radiological imaging (to use) ___________ to confirm the diagnosis and a number of other tests can (to undertake) _________________ to help establish both the possible cause and consequences of the stone. Ultrasound imaging (to be) _____also useful as it (to give) ___________________ details about the presence of hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidney - suggesting the stone (to block) ______________________________ the outflow of urine). It can also (to use) ________________ to show the kidneys during pregnancy. About 10% of stones (not to have) _____________ enough calcium to be seen on standard x-rays and may (to show up) _________________ on ultrasound although they typically (to see) _________________ on CT scans.

Investigations typically carried out (to include) ____________________:

• Microscopic study of urine, which may (to show) ______________ proteins, red blood cells, pus cells, and crystals.
• Culture of a urine sample to exclude urine infection
• Blood tests: Full blood count for the presence of a raised white cell count (Neutrophilia) suggestive of infection, a check of renal function and if raised blood calcium blood levels (hypercalcaemia).
• 24 hour urine collection to measure total daily urinary volume, magnesium, sodium, uric acid, calcium, and phosphate.

90% of stones 4 mm or less in size usually (to pass) ____________ spontaneously, however the majority of stones greater than 6 mm (to require) ________________ some form of intervention.

In many cases non-invasive Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy or (ESWL) may (to use) ____________. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or open surgery may (to be) _____ necessary for large or complicated stones or stones which (to fail) ___________ other less invasive attempts at treatment.

Preventive strategies (to include) ___________ dietary modifications and sometimes also taking drugs with the goal of reducing excretory load on the kidneys:

• Drinking enough water to make 2 to 2.5 liters of urine per day.
• A diet low in protein, nitrogen and sodium intake.
• Taking drugs such as thiazides, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate and allopurinol depending on the cause of stone formation.
• Depending on the stone formation disease, vitamin B-6 and orthophosphate supplements may (to be) _____ helpful.

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 451