Phonetic drills. Practise reading the words.

ulcer disease [‘Λlsə ‘di’zi:z], gastrointestinal tract [,gæstrəuin’testinl ‘trækt], stomach [stΛmək], prevalence [‘prevələns], occurrence [ə’kΛrəns; ə’k :rəns], Helicobacter pylori [hɛlɨkəbæktər pɪlɔraɪ], esophagus [i:’s :fəgəs], duodenum [,djuo’di:nəm], gnawing [‘n :iŋ], erosions [i’rəu3ənz], peritonitis [,peritəu’naitis], antacids [,æn’tæsid], antibiotic [,æntibai’ tik], pancreas [‘pæŋkriəs; ‘pæŋkriæs; ‘pænkriəs], hemorrhage [‘hemərid3], biopsy [‘baiəpsi], reflux [‘ri:flΛks], species [‘spi:∫iz], tarry [‘tæri], feces [‘fi:si:z], perforation [,pə:fə’rei∫n], penetration [,peni’trei∫n]

2. Make a report on peptic ulcer disease according to the plan below:

Definition: an ulcer (defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm) of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful.

Epidemiology: the lifetime risk for developing a peptic ulcer: approximately 10%.

In the United States about 4 million people have active peptic ulcers and about 350,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Approximately 3,000 deaths per year in the United States are due to duodenal ulcer and 3,000 to gastric ulcer.

Causes:70-90% of ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach: ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); about 4% of stomach ulcers are caused by a malignant tumor.

Classification:stomach ulcer (called gastric ulcer), duodenum ulcer (called duodenal ulcer), oesophagus ulcer (called oesophageal ulcer).

Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: abdominal pain, classically epigastric pain with severity relating to mealtimes, bloating and abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting, burning or gnawing feeling, loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting of blood, tarry feces, rarely a gastric or duodenal perforation, which leads to acute peritonitis. This is extremely painful and requires immediate surgery.

Evaluation:

History:a personal medical history: a history of heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a medication history, a history of use of certain forms of medications such as NSAID (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs).

Physical examination: observation, percussion, and palpation.

Instrumental evaluation: urea breath test, biopsy, measurement of antibody levels in blood, stool antigen tests, histological examination of biopsy, etc.

Complications:gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation that leads to acute peritonitis, penetration into adjacent organs such as the liver and pancreas, scarring and swelling, duodenal and gastric obstruction, etc.

Treatment: antacids, antibiotics, bismuth compounds, surgical repair of the perforation, endoscopy urgently to stop bleeding, etc.

3. Self-improvement work. Conversational topic: Peptic Ulcer. Read and translate the following text, fill in the blanks with the right verb form.

Peptic ulcer(to be) ______ usually a non-malignant ulcer of the stomach (called gastric ulcer) or duodenum (called duodenal ulcer). About 4 % of gastric ulcers (to cause) __________ by malignant tumour. Duodenal ulcers (to be) _______ non-malignant. Most instances (to know) _______________ to be associated with Helicobacter pylori. It (to be) ________ a spiral-shaped bacterium. It (to live) ___________ in the acid environment of the stomach. These ulcers can also (to cause) ___________________ or (to worsen) ______________ by drugs such as Aspirin and other NSAIDs.

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer can (to be) ________:

• Abdominal pain;
• Vomiting blood;
• Tarry stool;
• Weight loss;
• Rarely, an ulcer can (to lead) _____________ to a gastric or duodenal perforation. This (to be) _________ extremely painful and (to require) ___________ immediate surgery.

A history of heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and use of certain forms of medication can (to raise) ________________ the suspicion for peptic ulcer. Medicines associated with peptic ulcer (to be) _________ NSAID (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs).

The timing of the symptoms in relation to the meal may differentiate between gastric and duodenal

The diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori can (to be) _____ by:

• Biopsy;
• Breath testing;
• Direct culture from a biopsy specimen;
• Measurement of antibody levels in blood.

A major causative factor (90% of gastric and 75% of duodenal ulcers) (to be) ______ chronic inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori.

Another major cause (to be) ______ the use of NSAIDs.

Stress in the psychological sense (not to influence) _________________ the development of peptic ulcers. Burns and head trauma, however, can (to lead) ___________ to "stress ulcers".

Smoking (to lead) ___________ to atherosclerosis and vascular spasms. It (to cause) ___________ vascular insufficiency and (to promote) _________________the development of ulcers through ischemia.

A family history (to be) ________ often present in duodenal ulcers, especially when blood group O (to be) ______ also present. Inheritance (to appear) ____________ to be unimportant in gastric ulcers.

When H. pylori infection (to be) ______ present, the most effective treatments (to be) ________ antibiotics.

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 605