Name and define the diseases you know.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is the rapid breakdown of renal function that occurs when high levels of uremic toxins (waste products of the body's metabolism) accumulate in the blood.

Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum or pelvis of the kidney.

A kidney stone, also known as a renal calculus is a solid concretion orcrystal aggregation formed in the kidneys from dietary minerals in the urine.

Nephroptosis is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelviswhen the patient stands up.

Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, is a renal disease (usually of both kidneys) characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys.

17. What are the symptoms and signs of kidney diseases?

Although many forms of kidney disease do not produce symptoms until late in the course of the disease, there are at least six warning signs that may indicate kidney disease:

1. Burning or difficulty during urination

2. An increase in the frequency of urination

3. Passage of blood in the urine

4. Puffiness around the eyes, swelling of the hands and feet

5. Pain in the small of the back just below the ribs

6. High blood pressure

18.What are the required analyses and examination procedures to establish the diagnosis f any kidney disorder is suspect?

Test used in the diagnosis of kidney disease may include:

· urine tests

· blood tests

· blood pressure checks

· imaging studies

· biopsy

19. What may cause urinary obstruction? What is nephrolithiasis?(calculi)

One of the most common causes of urinary obstruction is benign prostatic hypertrophy. Other causes urinary obstruction includes:

ü infection

ü scarring or stricture of urethra from prior infection or surgery

ü kidney stones

ü cancer of the urinary system

ü cancer of the colon, uterus

ü any other metastatic cancer

Nephrolithiasis is characterized by the formation of crystalline aggregates (“kidney stones”) that can develop anywhere along the urinary tract.

20. What are the clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction? What is the treatment of this condition?

Urinary obstruction may involve both kidneys or may affect only one kidney or ureter. Symptoms of urinary obstruction include: inability to pass urine, weak stream, and blood in the urine, pain in the side or lover back, distension of the lower abdomen near the pubic.

Treatment of urinary obstruction depends on the cause. Passing a catheter in the bladder may be all that is needed to relieve the obstruction. If the blockage is in the kidney or ureter, then a tube (also called a stent) can be placed in the ureter between the kidney and the bladder to help the flow of urine. This is placed with the help of a lighted scope that is inserted into the urethra. Another alternative is a tube that is inserted through the back into the kidney. Sometimes open surgery is necessary to relieve an obstruction in the urinary tract.

21.What measures should be taken to relive the patient’s suffering from the exacerbation of the nephrolithiasis?

22.What is pyelonephritis? What is the difference between acute and chronic pyelonephritis?

Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum or pelvis of the kidney. There is the difference between acute and chronic pyelonephritis. Chronic condition is caused by recurring renal infection in contrast of acute pyelonephritis which sudden occur and inflame the renal parenchyma.

23. Describe the possible causes symptoms and treatment of the pyelonephritis?

Pyelonephritis is caused by a bacterium or virus infecting the kidneys. Though many bacteria and viruses can cause pyelonephritis, the bacterium Escherichia coli is often the cause.

Symptoms of pyelonephritis can vary depending on a person’s age and may include the following:

· fever

· vomiting

· back, side, and groin pain

· chills

· nausea

· frequent, painful urination

Pyelonephritis is treated with antibiotics, which may need to be taken for several weeks. . Antibiotics may be given through a vein, orally, or both. Urinary tract obstructions are often treated with surgery. Severely ill patients may be hospitalized and limited to bed rest until they can take the fluids and medications they need on their own. Fluids and medications may be given intravenously during this time.

24.What is acute renal failure? Why may the condition develop?

Acute renal failure (ARF) is the rapid breakdown of renal function that occurs when high levels of uremic toxins (waste products of the body's metabolism) accumulate in the blood. ARF occurs when the kidneys are unable to excrete the daily load of toxins in the urine.

Acute renal failure has three main causes:

· A sudden, serious drop in blood flow to the kidneys. Heavy blood loss, an injury, or a bad infection.

· Damage from some medicines, poisons, or infections.

· A sudden blockage that stops urine from flowing out of the kidneys.

25. What are the symptoms of acute renal failure? Describe its development.

Symptoms of acute renal failure may include:

ü Little or no urine when you urinate.

ü Swelling, especially in your legs and feet.

ü Loss of appetite.

ü Nausea and vomiting.

ü Feeling confused, anxious and restless, or sleepy.

ü Pain in the back, just below the rib cage. This is called flank pain.

Some people may not have any symptoms. And for people who are already quite ill, the problem that's causing the kidney failure may be causing other symptoms.

26. What is the treatment for the acute renal failure?

You may need antibiotics to treat or prevent infection. Diuretics ("water pills") may be used to help the kidneys lose fluid. Dialysis may be needed, and can make you feel better. You will be told what you may and may not eat to reduce the buildup of toxins normally handled by the kidneys. Your diet may need to be high incarbohydrates and low in protein, salt, and potassium.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 589