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Describe the clinical picture of acute hepatitis.

The symptoms of acute hepatitis vary considerably from person to person. Some patients have no symptoms at all, and in most cases, children only show mild symptoms.

In the early stages:

ü tiredness, general malaise, slight fever

ü nausea, poor appetite, changes in taste perception

ü pressure or pain below the right ribs caused by an enlarged liver

ü aching muscles and joints, headache, skin rash.

The jaundiced phase:

ü yellowing of sclera (the whites of the eyes), skin and mucous membranes

ü dark urine

ü light-coloured stools

ü Around this time, the other symptoms subside.

The recovery phase:

ü Tiredness that can last for weeks.

 

Kidney diseases

12.What organs does the urinary system consist of? Describe their anatomy and morphology.

The urinary system consist of the two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and the urethra.

The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the back of the abdomen. Each kidney contains around a million units called nephrons, each of which is a microscopic filter for blood. It's possibleThe kidneys serve important functions, including filtration and excretion of metabolic waste products (urea and ammonium); regulation of necessary electrolytes, fluid, and acid-base balance; and stimulation of red blood cell production.



The ureters are paired muscular ducts with narrow lumina that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. . In the adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and ~3-4 mm in diameter. the ureter is divided into three sections

· upper third: from renal pelvis to the top edge of the sacrum

· middle third: from the top edge to the lower edge of the sacrum

· distal third: lower edge of the sacrum to the urinary bladder.

 

The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone. When empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear.

Urine is made in the kidneys, and travels down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary. The bladder is lined by layers of muscle tissue that stretch to accommodate urine.

In anatomy, the urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for the removal of fluids from the body. The urethra is held closed by the urethral sphincter, a muscular structure that helps keep urine in the bladder until voiding can occur. In females, the urethra is about 3 to 4 cm (1.5 in) long and opens to the outside of the body between the vagina and the clitoris. In males, the urethra is about 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) long and passes through the prostate gland, the urogenital diaphragm, and the penis.

13.What are the kidneys? What is the anatomy and morphology of the human kidneys?

The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the back of the abdomen. Each kidney contains around a million units called nephrons, each of which is a microscopic filter for blood. It's possibleThe kidneys serve important functions, including filtration and excretion of metabolic waste products (urea and ammonium); regulation of necessary electrolytes, fluid, and acid-base balance; and stimulation of red blood cell production.



15.What factors may cause kidney diseases?

Kidney diseases may be caused by different factors such as injury infection cancer or disorders in other parts of the body/ In some cases kidney diseases may occur without apparent cause


Date: 2015-12-11; view: 700


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