Diseases of the respiratory tract

27. What organs does the respiratory system consist of? What is their anatomy and morphology?

The respiratory system consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi bronchioles, and lungs and also diaphragm and other muscles associated with breathing movements.

Nasal cavity is the space inside the nose, it is divided into two halves by a septum: each half communicated with the outside via the nostrils and with the nasopharynx through the posterior nares.

The pharynx is a body part common to both respiratory and digestive systems. It is located behind the nasal and oral cavities.

Larynx: It is a part of respiratory system that connects trachea with laryngopharynx. The larynx - also known as sound box, is formed of cartilages. Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoids are three important cartilages of the larynx.

The trachea lies to the anterior side of the esophagus. It is a tubular structure with 1 inch diameter and a length of 4.25 inches. The length of trachea spans between 6th cervical and 5th thoracic vertebrae.

Bronchus is any of the air passages beyond the trachea that has cartilage and mucous glands in its wall.

Bronchioles are subdivision of the bronchial tree that does not contain cartilage or mucous glands in its wall.

The lungs are a pair of conical organs present in pleural cavities; both the lungs together form an important part of the human respiratory system. Left lung is divided into 2 lobes (superior and inferior) while the right one in 3 (superior, inferior and middle).

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration. It is a thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that inserts into the lower ribs.

28. What are the physiological functions of each respiratory organ?

Main functions of upper respiratory tract(nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx) are filtering and adjusting the temperature of inspired air. Lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, alveoli) is transporting air. The vocal cords of the larynx protect the lower respiratory tract against the entry of foreign bodies.

29. What is respiration? What types of respiration do you know? Define them.

Respiration is two different but interrelated processes :

-Cellular respiration is the process in which cells derive energy by degradation of organic molecules.

-Mechanical respiration is the process by which oxygen required for cellular respiration is absorbed from the atmosphere into the blood vascular system.

30. What diseases of respiratory tract do you know? Describe each disease

Asthma is a disease of airways that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a multiplicity of stimuli. It is an episodic disease, acute exacerbation begin interspersed with symptom-free periods. Typically, most attacks short-lived, lasting minutes to hours, and after them the patient seems to recover completely clinically. The symptoms of asthma consist of a triad of dyspnea, cough and wheezing.

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic lung disease in which the normal lung structure break down allowing air into areas from which it is normally excluded. There is gradually increasing breathlessness during exercise and the chest moves less easily than normal, producing a constricted felling, the patient feels generally unwell. Emphysema is often seen at an advanced stage of chronic bronchitis, it is also associated with other factor, such as smoking, asthma and various respiratory and occupational diseases. Breathing with heavily polluted air also could lead to emphysema.

Pneumonia is an inflamatory condition of the lung—affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Typical symptoms include acough, chest pain, fever, anddifficulty breathing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Presumed bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally admitted to hospital.

31. What are the respiratory diseases characterized by (symptoms & signs)?

Respiratory diseases characterized by such symptoms like cough, dyspnea, shortness of breath, pain in the chest, hemoptysis. Cough is often precipitated by foreign materials irritating nerve endings in airways and is frequently caused by inflammation of the bronchi. Dyspnea is a cardinal manifestation involving the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Dyspnea secondary to cardiac disease is often recognized by the presence of other evidence of heart failure.

32. What is the pulmonary emphysema?

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic lung disease in which the normal lung structure break down allowing air into areas from which it is normally excluded.

33. What can pulmonary emphysema result from?

Pulmonary emphysema can result from chronic bronchitis, it is also associated with other factor, such as smoking, asthma and various respiratory and occupational diseases. Breathing with heavily polluted air also could lead to emphysema.

34. What is the pulmonary emphysema usually associated with(symptoms&signs)?

Pulmonary emphysema is usually associated with other factors, such as smoking, asthma, and various respiratory and occupational diseases. Heavily polluted air aggravates lung disorder that lead to emphysema.

Signs of emphysema include:

· tachypnoea

· absence of cyanosis

· pursed-lip breathing

· chest hyperinflation

· reduced breath sounds

· hyper-resonant to percussion

· cor pulmonale (late)

Shortness of breath is by far the most common of emphysema symptoms.

· Wheezing: This symptom of emphysema is shared with asthma.

· Cough: A large proportion of people with emphysema experience a cough. Often this is related to smoking..

· Chest tightness or pain

People with emphysema may also face some other less common emphysema symptoms:

· Loss of appetite and weight loss

· Depression

· Poor sleep quality

· Decreased sexual function

35.What is the treatment for the pulmonary emphysema?

Unfortunately once lung tissue is lost, no regrowth occurs. Treatment is therefore supportive and aimed at preserving remaining lung parenchyma. Interventions include:

· smoking cessation

· oxygen therapy (in chronic hypoxaemia)

· symptom and exacerbation control

o short and long-acting beta-2 agonists

o inhaled anticholinergics

o inhaled glucocorticoids

o antibiotics

· pulmonary rehabilitation

In emphysema doctors usually prescribe:

· Stop smoking

· Bronchodilating medications (albuterol)

· Steroid medications

· Antibiotics

· Oxygen

·

36.What is the asthma? What are it types and causes?

Asthma is a disease of the lungs in which the airways become blocked or narrowed causing breathing difficulty.. Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and

non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma.

The causes of allergic asthma are wide ranging. At the top of the list are specific allergens, such as pet dander, pollen and dust mites. People suffering specific allergen-induced asthma are usually very aware of t Intrinsic or Non-allergic asthma: This type is not triggered by external triggers but due to respiratory tract infections. Possible causes include respiratory irritants such as perfumes, cleaning agents, fumes, cigarette smoke, chest infections, cold air, food preservatives and stress. he offending allergen and try to avoid it.

37.What are the symptoms of asthma?

Many people do not know they have asthma, especially if their symptoms aren't severe. But any asthma symptom is serious and can become deadly.

The most common asthma symptoms are:

· Coughing, especially at night, with exercise, or when laughing

· Trouble breathing

· A tight feeling in the chest

· Wheezing – a squeaky or whistling sound

38.When do the asthma attacks usually start?why?

Asthma attacks often occur in response to “triggers,” or elements in your environment that increase the irritation in your airways. Attacks often occurs at night for reasons which are not clear but mat relate to circadian variation in airway receptor threshold.

39.What is the treatment for the asthma?

Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler

40.What therapy and post-treatment regiment would you recommend to people suffering respiratory desiases?

First of all I would recommend start healthy way of life to stop smoking to avoid stress try to be more active.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 838