General and Special Deterrence

Today, crime prevention primarily relies on the general deterrence concept. In our society, general deterrence refers to the power of the criminal law to prevent crime through its explicit, well-publicized system of punish­ments. At first glance, the deterrent power of punishment seems straight­forward. Harsh legal and social penalties accompanying convictions for law violations should deter the potential criminal from committing crime and, therefore, eventually eliminate any thoughts or desires of citizens to break the law. Penalties may include the loss of liberty through impris­onment or other modes of incarceration, loss of social status through the shame and stigma accompanying conviction, and loss of privileges such as a driver's license; of course, the most extreme penalty is death.

Regardless of what form punishment takes, it connotes a sense of disapproval by the community and casts the convicted offender outside the boundaries of social acceptability. It exposes to all members of society the fact that this person is reprehensible in the eyes of peers. This social penalty may actually constitute the primary deterrent power of the law.

Unfortunately, the deterrent power of the criminal law appears to be somewhat illusory; even the harshest penalty, the death sentence, has had relatively little effect on the violent crime rate. And though there is no absolutely valid way to determine the deterrent effect of the law, a con­stantly rising crime rate does little to allay our fears over its ineffectuality.

Test Paper 2

I. Supply the necessary preposition:

1) To place an order _______ some company

a) with b) in c) at

2) to be heavy ______ orders at the moment

a) under b) with c) in

3) to meet the requirements _____ the customers

a) to b) of c) for

4) to be in great _____ demand

a) on b) for c) in

II. Choose the correct form of verb:

5) We’ll speak about the terms of payment when we _____ the prices.

a) discuss b) will discuss c) would discuss

6) They asked us when we _____ the matters.

a) clarify b) will clarify c) would clarify

III. Choose the right answer:

7) What is the abbreviation DC used for?

a) Debit Card b) Documentary Credit c) Deposit Account

8) What is CIP?

a) Carriage and Insurance Paid b) Carraige Paid To c) Cost and FReight

IV. Fill in the gaps:

9) We will try to settle your ______ within the next four weeks.

a) cheque b) complaint c) invoice

10) We accept the 15% trade discount you ________.

a) ordered b) offered c) opened

11) It’s necessary to find a supplier who can ______ all the outstanding contracts.

a) fulfill b) fill c) feel

V. Define the kind of a business letter:

12)

I am writing to you to complain about the shipment of sweaters we received yesterday against the above order.

The boxes in which the sweaters were packed were damaged, and looked as if they had been broken open in transit. From your invoice No.18871 we estimate that thirty garments have been stolen, to the value of £550.00. Because of the rummaging in the boxes, quite a few other garments were crushed or stained and cannot be sold as new articles in our shops.

As the sale was on a CIF basis and the forwarding company were your agents, we suggest you contact them with regard to compensation.

You will find a list of the damaged and missing articles enclosed, and the consignment will be put to one side until we receive your instructions.

a) a letter of enquiry b) an apologize c) a complaint

VI. Read the following business letter and define the parts of the letter:

13) Superbuys

Superbuyes Ltd

Superbuy House

Wolverton Road

London

SW 16 7DN

Telephone +44(0)20 8327 1651

Fax: +44 (0) 20 8327 1935

Email: k.bellon@lsuperbuyes.com

www.superbuyes.com

14) 7^th July 2008

15) Mr. P. Lane

Wembley Shopfitters Ltd

Wycombe Road

Wembley

Middlesex HA9 6DA

Dear Mr. Lane

16)'Superbuys', 443 Halton Road, London SE4 3TN

I am writing to you with reference to the above premises which you refitted last February.

In the past few weeks a number of faults have appeared in the electrical circuits and the flooring which have been particularly dangerous to our customers.

With regard to the electrical faults, we have found that spotlights have either failed to work, or flicker while they are on, and replacing the bulbs has not corrected the fault.

The flooring which you laid shows signs of deterioration, and some areas are worn through to the concrete, creating a hazard to our customers.

I would be grateful if you could come and inspect the damage and arrange for repairs within the next week. The matter is urgent as we can be sued if any of our customers are injured. I would also take this opportunity to remind you that you have guaranteed all your fixtures and fittings for one year.

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

17) Yours sincerely

Keith Bellon

13) a) inside address b) sender’s address c) type of company

14) a) date of sending the letter off b) date of receiving the letter

15) a) post office’s address b) sender’s address c) inside address

16) salutation b) body of the letter c) attention line

17) signature b) complimentary close c) job title

VII. Choose the right word or word-combination to fill in the gaps in a memo:

18) _____: All branches

From: J.L. Bedix, Chairman

19) _____: Control of Bedix Calculators by Prendall Industries

You are probably aware from reports in yesterday's press that Bedix Calculators has been taken over by Prendall Industries and is now part of the Prendall Group.

Details of the takeover and how it will affect employees will be sent to everyone before the end of the week. However, this memo is being circulated to reassure you of the following.

1. There will be no redundancies as a result of the takeover, although there will be some reorganization.

2. Reorganization will take place over the next year. Prendall intend to expand Bedix Calculators' production in order to make us a major electronic component supplier to their own industries.

3. Salaries and other terms and conditions of employment will not be affected.

4. Management positions will not be affected, although external consultants will be looking at our methods of production with a view to improving efficiency.

5. Bedix Calculators will retain its own name and identity, and fulfil all contracts and obligations it was committed to prior to the takeover.

Further information will be made available through supervisors and union representatives in due course.

20) ____________

18) a) for b) from c) to

19) a) attention line b) subject c) about

20) a) Bedix Calculators b) J.L. Bedix c) Prendall Industries

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1033