VIII. Read and translate the text.

Understanding crime and its causes

In ancient days, more effort was made to link the punishment with the crime—for example, thieves’ hand was cut off. The Code of Hammurabi, the legal system of the Babylonia in the eighteenth century B.C., advocated an "eye for an eye" and consisted of an explicit set of rules matching specific crimes and punishments. The American criminal justice system has rejected the brutality and motives of revenge inherent in such a legal code, but the current practice of similar universal punishments has done little to improve the special deterrence feature of the legal system.

Finally, both special and general deterrence assume rationality on the part of the criminal. It is expected that the individual will think before acting and contemplate the possible sanctions, weigh the consequences, and remember previous punishments. Yet there is no real evidence that this thought process actually occurs before a crime is committed. Some crimes, especially those involving violence, may be immediate, explosive responses to stimuli and may not involve any rational thought at all. Prop­erty crimes, on the other hand, may result from societal pressures which are so powerful that the offender is incapable of reflecting upon the con­sequences of committing such a crime. The spontaneity of criminal be­havior is a special problem and threat to the deterrence concept.

Test Paper 3

1.Supply the necessary preposition:

1.To guarantee shipment _______ a delay

a)with b) without c) during

2.to be representative ______ the company

a)of b) for c) on

3.to deliver the goods _______ different countries

a)in b) to c) of

4.to have very good reports _______ the customers

a)of b) for c) from

2.Choose the correct form of verb:

5.I’ll show you the whole range of machines that we _______ now.

a) sell b) are selling c) have sold

6.We ______ regular buyers of computers from this company for many years.

a)were b) had been c) have been

3.Choose the right answer:

7. What is the abbreviation P.P. used for?

a)Per Pro b) Postage and Packing c) Packing List

8. What is CFR?

a)Cost, Insurance and Freight b) Carriage and Insurance Paid c) Cost and Freight

4.Fill in the gaps:

9.You insurance company have promised us _________ within the next few weeks .

b) concentration b) compensation c) comprehension

10.We would like to ________ that payment is to be made by irrevocable letter of credit.

b) confirm b) confuse c) confer

11.We’ll understand if you wish to _______ the order.

a) close b) clog c) cancel

4. Define the kind of a business letter:

The above consignment was delivered to our premises, at the above address, on 6 September. It consisted of eight boxes of read I write CDs, three of which were badly damaged.

We have contacted our suppliers, and they inform us that when the goods were deposited at your depot they were in perfect condition. Therefore we assume that damage occurred while the consignment was in your care. The boxes were marked FRAGILE and KEEP AWAY FROM HEAT. However, the nature of the damage to the goods (the CDs were scratched, warped, or split) suggests that the consignment was roughly handled and left near a heater.

We estimate the loss on invoice value to be €50000, and as the goods were sent ‘carrier's risk’ we are claiming compensation for that amount.

You will find a copy of the consignment note and invoice enclosed, and we will hold the boxes for your inspection.

b) a complaint b) memo c) a letter of enquiry

5. Read the following business letter:

British Crystal Ltd

GLAZIER HOUSE | GREEN LANE | DERBY DE1 1RT

TELEPHONE: +44 (0)1332 45790 | FACSIMILE: +44 (0) 1332 51977

Email: jain@crystal.com | www.britishcrystal.com

13) 4 May 2008

14) S.A. Importers Ltd

Al Manni Way

Riyadh

SAUDI ARABIA

15) Dear Sirs

Mr. Mohamed AI Wazi, of the Saudi Arabian Trade Commission in London, informed us that you may be interested in acting as our agent in your country.

As you will see from the enclosed catalogue, we are manufacturers of high­ quality glassware. We produce a wide selection of products from moderately priced tableware in toughened smoked glass to ornate Scandinavian and Japanese designed light coverings.

We already export to North and South America and the Far East, and would now like to expand into the Middle Eastern market, where we know there is an increasing demand for our products.

The type of agency we are looking for will be able to cover the whole of Saudi Arabia. We are offering a 10% commission on net list prices, plus advertising support. There would be an additional 2.5% del credere commission if the agent is willing to guarantee the customer's accounts, and he may offer generous credit terms once we have approved the account.

This is a unique opportunity for someone to start in an expanding market and grow with it. Therefore, if you believe you have the resources to handle a sole agency covering the area mentioned, and feel that you can develop this market, please write to us as soon as possible.

16) Yours faithfully

Nicholas Jay

Managing Director

17) Enc. Catalogue

Define the parts of the letter:

1) a) date of sending the letter off b) date of receiving the letter

2) a) inside address b) sender’s address c) type of company

3) salutation b) body of the letter c) attention line

4) signature b) complimentary close c) job title

5) attention line b) enclosure c) job title

6. Choose the right word or word-combination to fill in the gaps in a memo:

MEMO

To:The Board of Directors

­­18) _______:Derek Logan, Sales Director

19)_______:15 October 2008

Subject:Introduction of Internet sales

_____________________________________________

The Sales Department research team came to the following conclusions on the issue of Internet sales. Further statistical and technical data can be found in the full report.

Market

Internet sales have expanded steadily in our markets in recent years for three main reasons: (1) the range of goods we can offer in a virtual warehouse environment, (2) convenience, and (3) increased security with the development of digital signatures. The main area of expansion – over 21% in the period concerned - has been in clothes, especially children's clothes covering the age group of 4 – 11 years.

With regard to sales of linens and general furnishing, there has been a 6.7% increase in sales over this period. We would like to monitor this over the next 12 months to see how these markets develop.

Conclusions

With our main competitors already on this market, and its potential for international sales, we recommend that we should implement a new Internet strategy as quickly as possible. I would suggest a meeting before the end of this financial year.

20) ____________

18) a) for b) from c) job title

19) a) attention line b) subject c) date

20) a) Yours sincerely b) Sales Department research team c) Thank you

7. Read and translate the text.

Probation

Probation is a judicial action or legal disposition which allows the offender to remain in the community subject to conditions imposed by court order under the supervision of a probation officer. It allows the offender to continue working and providing for his or her family.

At the same time, social services are provided to help the offender adjust in the community; counseling, assistance from social workers, and group treatment, as well as the use of community resources to obtain employment, welfare, and housing, are offered to the offender while on probation. In providing these services, probation officers perform the dual functions of preparing pre-sentencing reports for the court and supervising probationers in the community.

The origins of probation can be found in English common law, where such devices as benefit of clergy, judicial reprieve, and recognizance were used to mitigate harsh sentences and avoid capital punishment. Subse­quently, probation practices were established in the state of Massachusetts in 1841 by John Augustus, who is considered the father of probation in this country. His efforts resulted in the enactment of the first statutory probation program in Massachusetts in 1878. Since that time, probation as a court action and as a method of social service has been introduced into all the states and the federal government. Most experts believe that community treatment programs such as probation are of great significance in rehabilitating offenders and reducing recidivism rates.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1331