9.1. Adjectives and adverbs e.g. good (adjective) - well (adverb), word order e.g. a long narrow path, degrees of comparison e.g. good - better - best, similes e.g. as busy as a bee.
9.1.1a. Study the list of cases with adjectives. Give your own examples.
Boring
The job of a librarian is boring to me.
Bored
I was feeling bored doing nothing.
Tiring
Travelling for two nights on the train wastiring.
Tired
The nurse had worked the night and was tired.
9.1.1b. Study the list of cases with adjectives word order. Give your own examples.
"Opinion" adjectives + "fact adjectives.
Big dark eyes , a large round table , a delicious tomato soup , a hot summer day
Size + age + colour + character + origin + material
A small old yellow leather bag , a long monotonous Asian song , a big new spacious wooden house
Size and length + shape and width
A long wide road ,a tall thin youth , a big square chin
First/last + numeral, next + several
I do not remember the last ten minutes. David will be busy for thenext few days.
9.1.1c. Study the list of cases with adjectives and adverbs after verbs. Give your own examples.
Be, get, become, seem + adjective
Dennis got tired.Your plan seems good.
Look, feel, sound, taste, smell + adjective
Your ideasounds good.These delicacies smell strange.
How somebody does something
He always drives very carefully. Diana plays the guitar very well.
Note: Sam feels quite good/well ("well" in this structure is an adjective)
9.1.1d. Study the list of cases forming adverbs and adjectives. Give your own examples.
Quick - quickly, quiet - quietly, bad - badly, heavy - heavily
Be quick! Mark is doing the job very quickly.
Quiet please! The kids were sitting quietly.
Such a heavy bag! It was raining heavily.
Charles always speaks in his friendly manner. An elderly woman preferred living alone. What a lovely dress you have bought!
Good - well,
Hard - hardly
Late - lately
Jason's manners are good. He behaves well.Sofia works hard. She hardly has a spare minute. The train came late. Have you travelled lately?
Note: Why do you look so sad? Why do you look so sadly at me?
9.1.1e. Study the list of cases with intensifiers (so, such, enough, too, quite, rather). Give your own examples.
So + adjective / adverb
The sun is so bright!John speaks so quickly.The news was so striking thatI did not believe it.We have not met for so long.Paul has so much moneythat does not have to work.
Such (+ adj.) + noun
Our neighbours are such nice people.Maudlin was such a good teacher.It was such () lovely weatherat () sea. (No article!)The room was in such a mess.There is no such wordin English.The whole family have not met for such a long time.Why have you spent such a lot of money?
Adj. + enough
Enough + noun
Kevin is not old enoughto retire. Liz does not have enough skillto do the job.
Too + adj./adv.
The house is too farto walk. Let's take a taxi. The column of marchers was moving too slowly.
Quite (= not little)
This opera singer is quite famous.It was quite a long way from where we were. 90 quid was quite a price.Everybody quite likedthe game. The book was quite differentfrom what I have read. The food in Paris was quite good.We quite agree with you (completely agree). The actors are not quite readyto start the show.The surgeon has not quite finishedthe operation. Are you done? - Not quite.I don't quite understandwhat you really have in mind.
Rather (negative)
It's rather hotoutside (unpleasantly so).The test is rather difficultI am afraid. 12 miles is rather a long way to walk.Some students are quite capablebut rather lazy.
A rather/rather a
His was a rather expensive apartment.His was rather a talented sportsmen.
Rather (surprisingly)
This orange juice is rather nicefor this price.The trip was rather enjoyable(more than expected)
9.1.1f. Study the list of cases with comparisons and superlatives. Give your own examples.
-ER (for short one-syllable words and two-syllable words ending with Y)
Take this road. It's muchfaster.Rent this apartment., It's much cheaper.Stay indoors. It's much coldertoday. The train has arrived a minute earlier.Exercises at the beginning of the book are easier.
-ER or MORE
(quiet, clever, narrow, shallow, simple)
Can we find a quieterstreet? I'd prefer amore quietplace.Children today are clevererthan in the past.Modern generation of kids are more clever.
MORE (with two-syllable and longer words)
The design of this apartment is more modern.The crimes are getting more serious.This armchair is more comfortable.You ought to visit your mother more often.This time the team worked more carefully.
Irregular comparative forms
This is a betteroffer.
Better late than never.
Hillary's fever is getting worse.Tanya did worsethan expected at the exam This beach is further (farther)than I thought. You can then go further (father)afield. To pass a verdict we need furtherfacts (on top). I have an elderbrother, a year olderthan me.
Comparatives with intensifiers
Second-hand cars are a lot less expensive.Could you spell the name a bit more slowly?The problem appeared to be far more serious.My income is no bigger thanyours. Is Johnny any betterthis morning?Always travel light. The lessluggage the better.The sooneryou begin the sooneryou finish.
Superlatives
Which is the hottestplace on Earth? This city area is the most expensive.Pamela is the nicest girlI have ever met. Who is the oldest (the eldest)in your family?December was the coldest month OFthe year.Mark is the most talented student INthe class. It was the most unusual food I have ever tasted.Thanks. It's most kindof you (= very).
9.1.1g. Study the list of cases with comparisons and similes. Give your own examples.
"Than" and "as - as"
Omar is taller thanJohnny but not as tall asGreg. Daniel isn't as old ashe looks. It's not as coldtoday (it was freezing yesterday). Please answer ASAP (as soon as possible). Prices are three times as high asa decade before.Our children are the same age asyours. He is definitely not as bright asHER. Nobody can run as fast asHIM. Please take as much asyou can carry with you. I can do the job as well(= too).
As usual we spend a week on Bahamas.
Cunning as he is,he will never take me in. Be so good asto come (= please come).
Similes
As safe as houses (= very reliable)
As sharp as a needle.
As old as hills.
As hungry as a hunter.
As thin as a rake.
9.1.2. Make up structures with the given words (1 - 18) by choosing from A - B).
1) An exercise
A/ tired B/ tiring
2) Meal
A/ a delicious and warm B/ a warm and delicious
3) Ring
A/ a small + golden B/ a golden + small
4) Weeks
A/ in the few next B/ in the next few
5) Look
A/ a tired B/ a tiring
6) Perform
A/ perfect B/ perfectly
7) Need someone
A/ bad B/ badly
8) To act
A/ in a friendly way B/ friendly
9) To try
A/ hard B/ hardly
10) Take off
A/ lately B/ late
11) The students
A/ are so bright B/ are such bright
12) Weather
A/ such gorgeous B/ such a gorgeous
13) The book
A/ is interesting enough B/ enough interesting
14) To have
A/ enough money B/ money enough
15) The day
A/ was rather pleasant B/ was quite pleasant
16) To graduate
A/ more early B/ earlier
17) To take
A/ a further step B/ a farther step
18) The longest
A/ day of this summer B/ day in this summer
9.1.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. The lecturer was very himself with what he was going to say.
2. The wedding was to take place in the weeks.
3. She looked amazing in her gloves.
4. Margaret was proud of her hair.
5. I will always remember that road.
6. Beatrice sang very that night.
7. The new boy in the classroom behaves .
8. People in the ambush were sitting very .
9. Rosy worked for her exam and won the scholarship.
10. New refugees arrived in this region and have caused problems.
11. I have got students this year.
12. Melanie is getting .
13. Unfortunately our prima is well today.
14. I can only afford prices that are high.
15. Those cheap hotels at the seaside are comfortable.
16. In the second act the audience were .
17. Have you done better at your last exam?
1. A/ bored B/ boring C/ boringly D/ bore
2. A/ few next B/ next few C/ next D/ few
3. A/ leather black B/black and leather C/black leather D/leather and black
4. A/ curly fair B/ fair curly C/ fair with curly D/ curly and fair
5. A/ long bumpy B/ bumpy long C/ bumpy and long D/long with bumpy
6. A/ well B/ good C/ good/well D/ best
7. A/ strange B/ more strange C/ most strange D/ strangely
8. A/ quiet B/ quietly C/ quiet/quietly D/quite
9. A/ hardly B/ hard C/ hard/hardly D/ hardest
10. A/ latest B/ late C/late/lately D/ lately
11. A/ such nice B/ such a nice C/ so a nice D/ so nice a
12. A/ famous quite B/ quite a famous C/ quite famous D/ famous a quite
13. A/ not a quite B/ not quite C/ not quite a D/ a not quite
14. A/ rather B/ fairly C/ quite D/ reasonably
15. A/ rather very B/ very rather C/ rather D/ fairly rather
16. A/ quieter B/ more quiet C/ quieter/more quiet D/most
17. A/ more better B/ most better C/ some better D/ any better
9.1.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with adjectives and adverbs using the words from column on the right. The given word forms need to be changed.
The period of adolescence is an ( 1 ) one. It is filled with ( 2 ) discoveries, complete turmoil, intensive growth, full independence and ( 3 ) commitments. It is difficult, however, to say exactly when adolescence begins or ends. ( 4 ) it is the onset of puberty. Psychologically it is the development of cognition, feelings and behaviours in the ( 5 ) stage - not yet an adult and no longer a child. Some teenagers become rebellious and ( 6 ) in this period but most manage to survive quite easily. Perhaps, a "difficult teenager" is more a ( 7 ) stereotype than a reality. Biologically adolescence is marked by a "growth spurt", i.e. increase in height and weight. This can cause acute problems as young people find it hard to co-ordinate their ( 8 ) hands and feet. Many look awkward and clumsy, feeling ( 9 ) and keeping aloof. Some boys and girls reach ( 10 ) before or after most of their peers. These are referred to as "early bloomers" or "late bloomers". An early ( 11 ) girl will probably be taller, stronger, faster, and ( 12 ) than other girls. She is likely to start dating earlier and to marry at a ( 13 ) age than her peers. An early-maturing boy will have a more successful ( 14 ) experience. This will raise his ( 15 ) status with his peers. Being a late bloomer can be negative. E.g. many late-maturing boys carry a sense of ( 16 ) self-esteem into their adulthood. Girls cope with late maturity better than boys by simply saying that they do not want to be "boy-crazy". Adolescents are great experimenters. They experiment with ( 17 ) hair styles, shrill music, non-traditional religion, ( 18 ) drugs, new relationships, fad diets, part-time jobs, ( 19 ) philosophies of life and wild pictures of their future. Many do things their way, off on a ( 20 ) search for the Truth of Life and their own Identity.
Excitement
Expectation
Life
Physiology
Between
Friend
Society
Large
Shyness
Mature
Bloom
Athletics
Youth
Date
Man
Poverty
Provocation
Availability
Mystery
Grandeur
9.1.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write in the space provided a free version of what you have read. Focus on using adjectives and adverbs.
Young-looking girls dancing the Charleston. Fierce-looking gangsters carrying big old machine guns in blockbusting films. World-famous short witty Charlie Chaplin playing comical tricks in his fascinating comedies. These are some of the pictures that come into people's minds when they think back of the "roaring twenties" in the United States. Those were good old times that came rather unexpectedly. Those were wild times that seemed good for everyone. The country was extremely rich in those years. After the First World War, other countries owed huge sums of money. The total income of the United States became much higher than that of Britain, France, Germany and Japan put together. The busiest business was making automobiles where thousands worked hard at the assembly lines. The electrical industry also prospered in every way. It made refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, stoves and radios by a hundred thousand. The USA became the first nation in history to sell vast quantities of goods that gave ordinary people easier and more enjoyable lives. Americans became the first "consumer society". The growth of industry made many citizens well-off. Millions earned handsome income. Thousands invested hard-earned savings in successful firms. Many bought expensive goods with their money. This was often done through the "instalment plan" which was "consumer friendly". Their motto was "Live now, pay tomorrow". Many were convinced that tomorrow would be even better than today and there would be even more money in the swelling wallets. Businessmen became popular heroes and such men like Henry Ford were widely admired. Imported goods from abroad were made more expensive through higher taxes and local manufacturers got even better off. As a result, American businessmen had less competition from their foreign rivals. To Americans who owned shares or "stock" the future looked brighter and brighter. Sales of consumer goods went on rising. This meant even higher profits for the companies. The economic rise has been going on for such a long time that seemed to last forever. Everybody hoped that poverty would hardly come back again and would be remembered as a thing in the past. However, by 1929 the first signs of economic crisis gradually made their way into the society with the profits strikingly falling down and share prices going down too because so many people began to sell their shares. The situation was far more serious than it seemed at first and things went farther than expected. Soon American economy was in such a mess that panic began. Many people lost such a lot of money that found themselves facing debt and ruin. Everything seemed so desperate that some unfortunate businessmen committed suicide. They did not have strength enough to stand this ruin of everything. This was the end of the "roaring twenties" with further hardships to take over.
9.1.5. Visualise in your mind's eye a picture of a sea coast at sun set and write a description in the space provided. Focus on the use of adjectives and adverbs.
