The sentence (reported speech, questions, sentence links, conjunctions, relative clauses).
10.1.1a. Study the list of cases with reported speech. Give your own examples.
Says
Julia says "Spring is the best time of the year".Julia says (that) spring is the best time of the year
Said + Present or Past Simple.
Vicky said "I can help if necessary".Vicky said (that) sheCAN help if necessary.Vicky said (that) she could help in necessary.Vicky said she could help (but in fact she did not).
Said + Past Perfect
Amanda said "I have heard nothing"Amanda said (that) she had heard nothing.Tom said "We had a little quarrel".Tom said that they had HAD a little quarrel.Tom said (that) they HAD a little quarrel.
Tell somebody,
say to somebody
Dennis said "I sent the parcel a week ago"Dennis told me that he (had) sent the parcel a week before.Dennis said to me that he (had) sent the parcel a week before.
Giving orders
The doctor said "Stay in bed".The doctor said to stay in bed.The doctor told me tostay in bed. The doctor advised me to stay in bed.
Reporting commands
Ask, teach, advise, beg, command, instruct, forbid, invite, persuade, urge, offer, want, order somebody to do something, warn somebody against doing something,insist on doing something.
Reporting knowledge
Inform, remind, answer somebody that; reply, mention, explain to somebody, write to somebody that;.
Reporting reaction
Agree, think, be sure, enquire, wonder, express one's interest about/whether.
Here - there, ago - before, before - earlier, last year - the year before, tomorrow - next day, the day after, now - then, this - that, these - those, this evening - that evening, today - that day, tonight - that night, yesterday -the day before.E.g. Joe said, "It happened ten years ago" - Joe said that it happened ten years before.
10.1.1b. Study the list of cases with questions. Give your own examples.
Yes-No
Do you live in Brazil?
Is Robyn going to the concert tonight?
Has everybody come yet?
Had the guests gone before you arrived?
Will the plane arrive on time?
Wh- questions
Why are you doing this to me?
What is the reason of telling lies?
How does he manage his time?
Who is responsible for order in the city?
Who did you telephone to a minute ago?
Who (whom) do you want to see in the office?
Where is the money coming from?
When is the train due to arrive?
Questions to subject
Who telephoned you last night?
What happened early in the morning?
Which plant grows fastest?
Indirect questions
I am wondering why you made all this mess.The police want to know what you did.I am asking where your mother is. Can you tell me how I get to the best hotel?Do you know if/whether anybody saw you?Why, do you think, the people are not working?
Negative questions
Haven't we met before?
Isn't is gorgeous weather?
Don't you want to come and see us?Why doesn'tClare want to go to University?Why wasn'tDaniel present at the meeting?
Question tags
You have locked the door,haven't you?You did not take money, did you?The aunt is not angry with me, is she?The flight has been delayed, hasn't it?You won't be leaving us today, will you?This train never comes on time, does it?I amlate, aren't I?
Let's go for a walk, shall we?
Do/don't do the task again, will you?
Nobody will come,will they?
Alternative questions
Would you like tea or coffee?Do you want your dress in navy or baby blue?Should I stay or go?
"Neither - nor" ("not - nor" and "either or" answers
I take neithermilk norsugar in my tea.We do notread much norwatch TV.They go to school eitherby car orby bus.
10.1.1d. Study the following cases with sentence links. Give your own examples.
Sentence + yes/no
Have you done the job? - Yes, I have.Will she lend you the money? - No, she wont.
Sentence + echo
I have just seen your Dad. - Have you?The food was marvellous? - Was it?My grandson is getting married. - Is he?
Sentence + so
Are all your students good? - I expect so.Is Angela coming tonight? - I suppose so.Is the film safe for children? - I hope so.Are they Americans? - I don't think so.Is it flue? - I am afraid so.Are we being late? - I hope not.
Sentence + uptake
I am feeling nervous. - So am I.I never watch telly. - Neither/nor does my sister.Jack passed the exam. - So did Jill.I can't make it tonight. - Neither/nor can I.Unfortunately I was late. - So you were.
You do + yes/no
You likepizza, don't you? - Yes, I do (No, I don't)
You don't/aren't + yes/no
Dennis doesn't like bananas, does he? - No, he does not(He never eats them). Yes, he does/But he does(But he likes bananas!)We aren't late, are we? - No, we aren't.(There is still plenty of time). Yes we are/But we are.(We are late indeed. Hurry up!).
10.1.1e. Study the list of cases with conjunctions. Give your own examples.
Although
Although it was dark
In spite of
In spite of the storm
Despite
Despite the storm being so
In case
In case the train is late we must
In case of
In case of emergency, please
If
If the train is late, we will then
Unless
Keep silent, unless I give a sign
Not unless
Do not go there, not unless he tells you so
As long as
Do it as long as you are careful
Providing that
Provided that
Providing that you make $100
Provided that he is your friend
Due to - owing to - because of
The high drop-out is due to poor conditions.
Owing to his wit, the scandal was avoided. The crisis was resolved owing tomuch effort. The bus arrived late because ofthe traffic jam.
As
As it was a day off (because)
As she opened her apartment (when)
As I left, my wife arrived and (when)
As the days went by (while)I did as I was told. (exactly)
As you know, usually we never (a set phrase)
As a boss he would always (in this role)He worked as a clerk in a small (in the post)
Like
The house is like an expensive villa with Games like cards are addictive and
Like his boss, Steve would always come on time.
"As" vs. "like"
Do it like me and as you are told
Regard somebody as
We regard him as a very nice
As - as
as cold as ice
Not so/as as
Jeremy is not so/asrich ashis brother.
So as
He dressed up so asto attract more attention.
Note: "Due to" is often used in a compound predicate. "Owing to" frequently shows the role of positive circumstances. "Because of" describes some causal dependence.
10.1.1f. Study the list of cases with relative clauses. Give your own examples.
Clauses with "who"
The lady whois sitting next is a celebrity. The man whogave you a lift is a doctor. Anyone whowants to apply, please do so now. The clerk whoI wanted to see was busy.
Clauses with "whose"
He is the director whosefilms are well known.This is the boy whosesister I went to school with.
Clauses with "whom"
She is the woman with whomI fell in love in my childhood. Ronald is the editor to whomI always send my articles.
Clauses with "whom/who"
He is the person whom/whoyou must have met before.
Clauses with "that"
The person thatyou see there is my best friend.I like companies thatare full of fun. Let's have some cake thatwe bought today. The cars thatcost a lot always look posh.Everything thatyou told me is a lie. Have you found the document thatyou lost? Do you remember the moment thatI first saw you?This is not the reason that/whyyou failed the job interview.
Clauses with "that/to"
Who is the man that/whoJessie is talking to?
Clauses with "who/that"
The girl who/thathe took todid not take any notice of him. Do you know anyone who/thatspeaks Gaelic?
Clauses with "which"
Could you give me the book, which I reserved? Stella did not make it to the wedding, which was a pity.I passed the test, whichsurprised my teacher. The sea was very warm, whichnobody expected.
Clauses with "that/which"
The hotel that/whichwe were staying in was cheap.
Clauses with "what"
What happened in the past is still in my memory.Did you hear whatI told you to do?
Clauses with "where"
Is there a place whereone can be fully happy?
Clauses with "none of" etc.
I tried five pairs of jeans none of whichfitted me. Several young men, neither of whomI had seen before, surrounded me. The house has fifteen rooms, twelve of whichare never used. She knows people, many of whombelong to the society elite.
No conjunction is possible
The book () I wanted to buy had been sold. Do you remember the telephone () I need?The blouse () you bought fits you perfectly. Is there anything () you need?Everything () the prophets had said came true.The reason ()I am doing this is very personal.
10.1.2. Provide explanations to the following cases.
1 Den said he can take the job over.
2 Witnesses insisted that they had seen nothing.
3 The officer confirmed that the parcel was sent a fortnight before.
4 The doctor warned the patient against smoking habits.
5 Pauline boasted that she had never failed her exams.
6 Who do you want to meet in this desolate place?
7 Who do you want to telephone to?
8 What happened in the office last night?
9 Won't you come in and sit down?
10 I am wondering what we can do in this situation.
11 Isn't the weather nice today?
12 Nobody ishere, are they?
13 We are playing football tonight. - Are you?
14 I never eat much before sleep. - Neither do I.
15 Bill never comes on time. - No he doesn't.
16 Please show me the room, whichyou recommended.
17 Do you remember the person we met?
10.1.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. Who said that I swim?
2. Roger told me he the mail a week before.
3. The colonel the soldiers to report to barracks at once.
4. The doctor asked me to come .
5. Why do you think not in.
6. Simon never sits up late, he?
7. Let's have some fun, we?
8. We don't travel very often. - .
9. The kids went boating the storm
10. This victory is to your great efforts.
11. Susie never does anything she is instructed.
12. her teacher, Vicky would always speak clearly and loudly at home.
13. I am reading the book that you recommended to me.
14. The librarian offered me several books helped me.
1. A/ can't B/couldn't C/can't/couldn't D/ was not able to
2. A/ sent/had sent B/ sent C/ had sent D/ has sent
3. A/ offered B/begged C/ invited D/ ordered
4. A/ the next day B/ next day C/ tomorrow D/ the day before
5. A/ is Greg B/ Greg is C/ does Greg D/ Greg does
6. A/ doesn't B/ does C/ will D/ should
7. A/ will B/ let's not us C/ shall D/ don't
8. A/ Neither do we B/We don't neither C/Either do we D/ Neither we do
9. A/ in spite B/ in case of C/ besides D/ despite
10. A/ owing B/ thank C/ due D/ because
11. A/ as B/ like C/ as/like D/ for
12. A/ like B/ as/like C/ as D / so like
13. A/ who B/ that C/ which D/ whom
14. A/ neither of whom B/ none of which C/ no of which D/ but neither
10.1.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with words or word combinations making correct sentences.
Scientists have defined human intelligence in many ways but ( 1 ) definition has been able to explain the concept. Not ( 2 ) alone seems to say it all about human ability to solve problems. One common definition is theoretical, ( 3 ) the other ( 4 ) is practical or operational. Theoretically, intelligence is resourcefulness ( 5 ) an individual to understand the world around them and to ( 6 ) with its challenges. Operationally, we define intelligence ( 7 ) what we see when an intelligent person achieves spectacular results. ( 8 ), intelligence is defined as ( 9 ) which intelligence tests measure, e.g. IQ (intelligence quotient). Intelligence is not the ( 10 ) as giftedness. In the USA giftedness is described as demonstration of excellence in any ( 11 ) of six areas. E.g. physical activities, performing art, leadership, productive thinking, subject aptitude (math, languages etc), test performance. Many psychologists want to know how we can describe intellectually ( 12 ) individuals. The results of research fly ( 13 ) the face of common stereotypes about a bright child ( 14 ) skinny, anxious, of poor health and wearing glasses. The data ( 15 ) not support stereotypes. In general, the truly gifted children experience advantage in ( 16 ) everything and are successful in most things they do. They receive a better education and find higher-paying jobs. Many grow up ( 17 ) rich. Many ( 18 ), but not all. An unanswered question is ( 19 ) the differences in intelligence are ( 20 ) to nature or education. Scientists admit that it is difficult to answer this question. ( 21 ), it is difficult to give a straightforward answer. There is some evidence that intelligence runs in families and ( 22 ) genetically conditioned. On the other hand, environment affects intellectual functions ( 23 ). Yet, we do not know what will happen if genetically identical individuals ( 24 ) brought up in different environments. ( 25 ) how important such research might be, it would be unethical to give individuals different conditions for development. ( 26 ) can we deprive children of a rich educational environment for several years, ( 27 ) this could be beneficial to science.
10.1.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write in the space provided a free version of what you have read. Focus on the underlined sentence parts and explain their meaning and use.
In the USA young doctors are instructed that they have no right to make a mistake. A famous medical doctor once revealed that years before he worked his fingers to the bones to learn to make an injection. Students are told to study for many years to become a doctor in the United States. They are warned against light-mindedness. Pre-service doctors are advised to work very hardso as to study well and at first some even grumble that they do not have any free time. One or twostart wondering why they made this decision and even regret having chosen the profession. Students explain that they study biology, chemistry and other sciences, many of which will be needed for future career. Some admit working for a year or two in a medical or research job before they try to seek a place in a medical college. A University guide writes that there are one-hundred-twenty-five medical colleges in the United States. It is reported that more than sixty-six-thousand students are attending medical colleges. Many boast that it was very difficult to gain entrance to them. Everybody agrees that those who do the best in their studies have a greater chance of entering medical school. Each student also must pass a national examination to enter medical school. Those who get the top scores have the best chance of being accepted. Most people who want to study medicine seek to enter as many as ten medical schools. This increases their chances of being accepted by one. It costs as much as thirty-thousand dollars for each year. The first two years of medical school are spent mainly in class. The students learn about the body and all its systems. They learn about chemistry and they begin studying diseases, how to recognize and treat them. Many students say the first year of medical school is the most difficult. They must remember a great deal of information. For example, many schools require that students remember the names of every bone in the body. By the third year of medical school, students are ready to use their knowledge to start helping sick people when they are at hosptal. These students work under the guidance of experienced doctors. Students observe the treatment of patients. They also examine patients and advise treatment. As the students watch and learn, they think about the kind of medicine they would like to practice when they become doctors. During the fourth year of medical school, students begin seeking to enter a medical training program in a hospital. This training program is called a medical residency. Medical school graduates are said to face a strong competition to gain a resident position. Some doctors work for many years as residents in hospitals, depending on which medical field they have chosen. They never get bored with what they are doing. Surgeons, as a rule, spend many years trying to work like their more experienced colleagues to gain the needed experience, performing operations. Some doctors work in hospitals as residents for as many as ten years before they begin workingon their own.What they feel when they first go on their own is for life in their memory. Everybody knows that experienced doctors are not allowed to make mistakes. Neither are the beginners.
10.1.6. Turn the following reported text into an original discourse with direct speech.
1 The doctor told Rosy to keep her bed.
2 The team offered to play another game the next day.
3 The prisoner begged the captors to spare his life.
4 The officer commanded the cavalry to charge the enemy.
5 The teacher explained to her students the need to work hard.
6 The announcement reminded the passengers to change the train.
7 The inspector mentioned the law about paying taxes.
8 Everybody agreed to start the barbecue party at twelve.
9 I enquired about the rail tickets available for Stockport.
10 All speakers expressed their indignation on hearing the news.
11 Bonny asked whether the flowers had been bought.
12 Everybody was wondering whether the Queen would really visit them.
13 The stranger stuttered that he had never been to this place before.
14 From the story Jill inferred that her husband was not coming soon.
15 It was expected that the ship would arrive that night.
Grammar Check-out
11.1. Verb Tenses
11.1.1. Choose the correct form by underlining out the right element
1. I refuse/am refusing to accept this offer.
2. They live/are living in a makeshift cottage.
3. The boy has left his home and sleeps/is sleeping rough.
4. The professor comes/is coming in the afternoon today.
5. You are/are being very impolite, sorry.
6. Perhaps I smoked/have smoked too much this morning and feel dizzy.
7. David worked/has worked for the company all his life.
8. Mark, you have been playing truant/have played truant again!
9. You took/have taken my glass.
10. Paul used/got used to sitting up late.
11. When did/has the parachute land/ed? I can't see it.
12. Everybody was watching when he scored/was scoring the goal.
13. Liz trained/had trained a lot and gave a brilliant performance.
14. We all meant/had meant to see the show but alas.
15. From his smiles I see that Bill is about/ going to agree.
16. If the client likes/would like it his way, do as you are asked.
17. By the time you come to the bank, the money will arrive/have arrived.
11.1.2. Re-write the sentences by using the given words and leaving the meaning intact. E.g. A man was sitting next to me. He was a complete stranger. (never) -I had never seen this man before.
1. This train is never late. (always)
2. According to the timetable the takeoff time is 9.45. (at)
3. You will be able to recognise the person only with a photo.(if)
4. I can't swim as fast as you do. Slow down a little. (too)
5. The plan is to have ice-cream together and them go to the movies. (are)
6. I hear irony in your words. (being)
7. I drank too much wine and have a headache. (have)
8. Oh, there is a stain on your dress. (you)
9. Dinner's ready. (I)
10. It's the first time that I see a life shark. (never)
11. How long has it taken you to iron all the clothes? (been)
12. You can find Margaret at the Plaza hotel. (is)
13. Ancient people hunted animals with stone weapons. (hunt)
14. The adults were talking and noticing nothing. (busy)
15. I was a student of medicine between 1998 and 2003. (course)
16. Nobody watered the flowers and that is why they were dry. (had)
17. According to the contract your annual salary is $175, 000. (will)
18. There will be no guests at 7 yet. (come)
11.1.3. Read the text and tick off correct lines with 4 . Write down unnecessary elements and/or corrections made in each line in the space provided. The beginning has been done for you.
At the end of February Tibetans around the world celebrate the first day of the lunar New Year.
New Year starting at sun rise heralding a week of rituals to drive out the sins to the past year.
During the last two days of the old year the families purge their houses from top to bottom.
For centuries the Tibetans were making butter sculptures which is an ancient Tibetan art symbolising long human lives.
Before the New Year the monks had carried butter sculptures in processions through towns and villages.
At the end of celebrations the butter sculptures melt in the sun symbolising transience of life.
People will be making pyramids with a human effigy that embodies the evils of the past year.
The crowd was burning the effigies thus getting rid of the past sins and cleaning themselves of good deeds.
Traditional food had been a dumpling soup with round dumplings symbolising the sun and good future.
On New Year's day many Tibetans will be visiting their local monasteries and will have prayed for fortune.
Over the next week, friends and relatives visit each other holding parties, made resolutions and drinking wine.
The Tibetan New Year is having a lunar cycle of 60 years consisting of 12 animals.
11.1.4. Fill in the gaps in the text by making correct choices
New security regulations in the USA mean that all foreign visitors will ( 1 ) their photographs taken and fingerprints checked. These measures ( 2 ) replace the old registration procedures at the USA international airports. Information about visitors collected from the checks will go into electronic database and the authorities ( 3 ) confirm the identities. For the moment the regulation only ( 4 ) to those travelling to the USA with visas. Those who are now eligible to enter the country without a visa can ( 5 ) without fingerprints check so far. There are fears that immigration officials already overstretched ( 6 ) and this will produce long delays in the arrivals halls. Another concern is that this new regulation will constitute a breach of civil rights. This ( 7 ) cause problems with some governments in the world that America seeks a better relationship with.
1. A/ make B/ get C/ have D/ do
2. A/ will B/ must C/ have D/ did
3. A/ will be able to B/ can C/ must D/ should
4. A/ applied B/ applies C/ will apply D/ is applying
5. A/ have done B/ have been doing C/do D/ be able to
6. A/ will cope B/ will be coping C/ will have coped D/ will not cope
7. A/ can B/ could C/ might D/ should
11.1.5. Complete the text by closing gaps with only one word or word form (e.g. "went", "has come" or "has been doing" is one word form) in each case.
There was once a young man who ( 1 ) a long way from home in search of adventure and one day he came to a strange village ( 2 ) the border of a great wood. He saw a maiden sitting ( 3 ) her needlework. The youth walked ( 4 ) a little way, then turned again. He ( 5 ) this several times, and each time the girl was the prettiest that he ( 6 ). Finally he asked her to be his wife. She said to him: "You ( 7 ) be very careful, for my grandmother does not wish me to marry. She is a very wicked old woman, and ( 8 ) in killing every one who wanted to marry me" "In that case, we must run away," the young man replied. The girl ( 9 ) as he had said, and that same night they fled together and ( 10 ) morning were far from the village. It was not long till they ( 11 ) the old woman in the distance, coming on with great strides and shaking her cane ( 12 ) the runaways. In the meantime, they ( 13 ) to the bank of a river both wide and deep, and here they ( 14 ) for a while. There were two Cranes near by, and to these the young man addressed himself. "My friends," said he, "I beg of you to stand ( 15 ) the opposite banks of this river and stretch your necks ( 16 ), so that we may cross in safety! The Cranes were willing to oblige, and they stood thus with their beaks touching ( 17 ) the stream, so that the lovers ( 18 ) on their long necks in safety. In a little while the old woman came down to the river, quite out of breath, and more angry than before. She began ( 19 ) them, "Come here, you long-necks and help me over this river!" she cried. The two Cranes again stood beak to beak, but when the wicked grandmother ( 20 ) half way they pulled in their necks and into the water she went. The current swept her quickly away and she was ( 21 ). There is no magic so strong that it ( 22 ) against true love.
11.2. Passive Voice
11.2.1. Choose the correct form by underlining the right element
1. This old hospital is going to be/is about to be closed.
2. The garden must be/ought to be watered twice a day.
3. The matter is still being/is still been debated in court.
4. A new supermarket has been open/opened in the High street.
5. The construction of the stadium will be/have been finished in 2010.
6. Houses here usually are/are usually made of wood and clay.
7. News is/are broadcast every hour.
8. Now the suspect has interviewed/is being interviewed the police.
9. The dictatorial regime was topped/toppled at last
10. The masterpiece was shown/shone to the public only last year.
11. He was taught French/French was taught to him by an old professor.
12. All fees must be paid/be paying in good advance.
13. The hostages were threatened with/by knives and guns.
14. I have been told/telling by the police to hold my tongue.
15. The municipal council has built/has been built a new school of arts.
11.2.2. Re-write the sentences by using the given words and leaving the meaning intact. E.g. The apartment is very untidy. (time).It's time the apartment were cleaned.
1. Yesterday Emily received a ticket for speeding up on the highway. (was)
2. Somebody picked his pocket on the train and he can't find his wallet. (had)
3. The hostess put on her best clothes and went to receive the guests. (got)
4. The president took an oath of office. (in)
5. My granny had been weaving her quilt for ten months. (was)
6. Kitty desperately wants to be elected onto the advisory board. (get)
7. The hunter used an old rifle to shoot the bear. (with)
8. The managers decided to put the implementation of the plan off. (it)
9. The bank lent me 10 thousand pounds with a small interest rate. (loan)
10. Ahmed learned his English from a native speaker living in the village. (by)
11. The lecture was really boring. (students)
12. Please take a by-pass as the roadwork is going on. (being)
11.2.3. Read the text and tick off correct lines with 4 . Write down unnecessary elements and/or corrections made in each line in the space provided. The beginning has been done for you.
Human emotions are communicating through facial expression. If a surprise is signalled to others, then the one's eyebrows are raised and curved, wrinkles on one's forehead is made, eyes are wide-open, lips are parted and mouth dropped open. Such facial movements recognise as surprise. Emotions are accurately decoding by people belonged to different cultures. Even children born blind who have never been able to see faces of other people, used the same facial expressions as used by their sighted peers. The difference in facial of expression observed in a variety of cultures is causing by what is seen as polite or impolite but not with the difference in how emotions are being expressed facially. In some cultures all emotions expressed openly, even disgust or anger. Children from other cultures are taught that even of the expression of joy ought to be withhold in public and displayed only in private. Interestingly, some women in the north are displayed their emotions into their own private small bags. All of their happiness and sorrow is kept in such bags as in the family albums ready to be opened any time for viewed.
Communicated
11.2.4. Fill in the gaps in the text by making correct choices
Frightened mothers were ( 1 ) by their children from schools on Friday after central Italy was ( 2 ) by an earthquake. The same area was devastated ( 3 ) a larger earthquake last autumn. Three hundred homes were damaged badly enough and were ( 4 ) unsafe but no one was ( 5 ) killed in the disaster. People feel increasingly nervous in this endless series of shocks. The tension is being ( 6 ) and everything has to be started all over again. The epicentre was ( 7 ) near the two small towns in the central area. Windows were ( 8 ) in Rome, 110 miles south of the epicentre. At least nine aftershocks were reported and the strongest one was ( 9 ) the magnitude of 4 points on Richter scale. A famous church was severely ( 10 ) but other historical buildings are said to have suffered no major damages. Some plaster was ( 11 ) off the ceilings in the rooms where the monks were ( 12 ). About 300 homes were ( 13 ) to be unsafe. A hospital was damaged and some patients evacuated. The historic centre was ( 14 ) into a ghost town. No panic was reported in schools but in many places children were ( 15 ) out of the building for safety and at one place a stampede was not ( 16 ). Many schools were closed the next day on Saturday although classes are ( 17 ) held on this day.
1. A/ telephoned B/ called on C/ phoned in D/ cried
2 A/stricken B/ devastating C/ hit D/ blown
3. A/ with B/ by C/ by/with D/ but
4. A/ pronounced B/ announced C/ declared D/qualified
11.2.5. Complete the text by closing gaps with only one word or word form. (E.g. "had been finished" is one word form).
The dense fog in London of 1959 had been the ( 1 ) for previous seven years and all transport was ( 2 ) to a virtual standstill. Many areas in the Midlands, East Anglia and Wales were also ( 3 ) in fog. Back in 1952, London suffered from what became known as the Great Smog - fog ( 4 ) by thick smoke. More than 2,000 people were ( 5 ) during the week mostly from lung-related illnesses. It was ( 6 ) by the Meteorological Office that the latest "smog" ( 7 ) persist during the next 24 hours in the London area. A nil visibility was ( 8 ) around the capital. The motorists were ( 9 ) with fear as they were groping their way during the rush hour trying to get out of the road jams ( 10 ) by nose-to-tail cars travelling ( 11 ) a crawl. There were at least three collisions ( 12 ) on the ice-covered roads. Many buses ( 13 ) in the garages simply because the crews were unable to get to work ( 14 ) time. Many long-distance trains from London ( 15 ) and suburban services were also seriously ( 16 ). London airport ( 17 ). A boost in the sale of gas masks was reported ( 18 ) London chemists and a chemist in Manchester sold of masks by 1000 ( 19 ) one morning.
11.3. Modal Verbs
11.3.1. Choose the correct form by underlining the right element
1. You are overweight and must have/should have eaten less.
2. The party is informal and you don't need to/have to wear a tie.
3. Please tell your son that he mustn't/shouldn't tell lies.
4. Our visitors are able/may use the car park 24 hours with no charge.
5. Despite the rapid stream, Joe could/was able to reach the shore.
6. It's only 5 o'clock, so this can't/mustn't be Leo.
7. Ought/should I visit Denise in the hospital every day?
8. You needn't have done/did not have to do the job. Eric was to do it.
9. Children are not let/allowed to play in this garden.
10. You must not/do not have to wear open dresses at work.
11. Jill was late but she did not have to/needn't have come to see me off.
12. I could/will do with a cup of tea,
11.3.2. Re-write the sentences by using the given words and leaving the meaning intact. E.g. I strongly need to know everything from you (must).You must tell me everything.
1. The instruction is to take the medicine only once a day. (You).
2. Next week the schedule will require me to stay later in the job. (I)
3. Young people are not obliged to stay at school until 18. (do)
4. It's a bad idea to spend so much money on cigarettes. (not)
5. It was necessary to buy some milk as not much was left over. (She)
6. Steve made a few useless telephone calls. (have)
7. It was a good idea to tell you the truth but Sue did not. (told)
8. We very much want to see you. (come)
9. They expect you to come to college on time.(be)
10. The rule is that everybody pays 5 pounds extra for luxury. (pay)
11. Do you need a taxi? (I)
12. Let's watch another TV channel. (don't)
13. What about having a porter carry the luggage? (could)
14. Why did you borrow the kettle without asking me first? (borrowed)
15. You didn't even listen to your mother's advice! (least)
11.3.3. Read the text and tick off correct lines with 4 . Write down unnecessary elements and/or corrections made in each line in the space provided. The beginning has been done for you.
The new beer in Germany is going to be a wonder drink and is been given big promotion in mass media. People can keep younger and most beautiful should they drink of this sort of unusual beer. This new anti-aging beer may help to strengthening the immune system and make you to feel well protected against aging and diseases. Mass media say that everybody ought to drinking this extra source of vitamins and minerals for the human body and can have at least two pints a week. The drink is to help boost immune system and improve metabolism. One out of the major ingredients described like protein can help the body fight dangerous diseases and shall add strength to muscles. Other elements might strengthen the bones and nervous system. A reliably barrier against sclerosis can be raising which means that the heart and blood vessels can work much better. This sort of beer should be welcomed by many health-conscious beer lovers but already today the project must encounter a legal problem. In the law dating in 1516 it is stated quite strictly that beer ought to contain only four ingredients, namely, hops, barley, yeast and waters and one can break this tradition.
being
11.3.4. Fill in the gaps in the text by making correct choices
Tests ( 1 ) volunteers back up evidence that a good night's sleep can help think, ( 2 ) decisions and solve problems. Brain at night can crack complex ( 3 ). The volunteers were shown a number puzzle with an answer "embedded" ( 4 ) the numbers given. They were to sort the numbers according to a certain "secret". There was a ( 5 ) pattern n the numbers which, when spotted, dramatically ( 6 ) the completion of the puzzle. Those who saw the puzzle, had a ( 7 ) sleep and then got back to the puzzle ( 8 ) much better than those who kept up late racking their brains. Twice as many participants having a good sleep caught on to the ( 9 ) than volunteers from the sleepless group. The scientists believe that because the brain appears to restructure information from the ( 10 ) day during sleep hours, a period of sleep may produce insight into problems such as these. There is evidence that creativity and problem-solving may be ( 11 ) by the activity of the brain during sleep. The restructuring of information during sleep ( 12 ) be occurring in such a way that the problem becomes much easier to solve. A deep sleep ( 13 ) dreams is understood to be the best time for approaching a solution to complex puzzles. Even small ( 14 ) in deep sleep can be linked to a decrease in intelligence function and a ( 15 ) ability to recognise "hidden structures". The research might have potentially important results for children ( 16 ) school and adults at work. It is estimated that many millions of people ( 17 ) be described as sleep deprived, and the average length of the nightly sleep has declined in recent decades. There is a very good reason to think that people ( 18 ) respect fully periods of sleep instead of curtailing them ( 19 ).
11.3.5. Complete the text by closing gaps with only one word or word form (e.g. "don't have to" is one word form).
Personal conflicts are often ( 1 ) by the "personality-defect theory". This theory suggests that conflicts ( 2 ) be started by bad personalities. In ( 3 ) to this theory, there are four major reasons that explain interpersonal ( 4 ): different backgrounds, misinterpretation of others, clash of roles, and environmental stress. Different backgrounds mean that individuals ( 5 ) in different environments ( 6 ) interpret events differently. They ( 7 ) have different expectations about other people and judgements of what is good or bad. They can ( 8 ) about who is correct and who is morally right. Other conflicts are based on misinterpretation of others, or ( 9 ) of information about other people and their intentions. This results ( 10 ) prejudiced or biased attitudes. If one wants to avoid conflicts, one ( 11 ) reword what the other party says in ( 12 ) of some hidden negative meaning. To overcome this conflict, the participants need communication but this is ( 13 ) what they can't do. Clash of roles is yet another ( 14 ) for conflicts. People ( 15 ) to know that their interests can be different as well as their ( 16 ) of reward. This happens simply because people ( 17 ) different roles in the situation. If people receive instructions from their boss, they ( 18 ) oblige causing conflict with their colleagues. The fourth major cause of conflict is that people ( 19 ) work under stress. Stressful environment sharpens conflicts stemming ( 20 ) other reasons. A stressful situation such as a job ( 21 ) can be the reason of a deep frustration and disrupt even long-time friendly ( 22 ). This situation is sometimes called "frustration conflict". In order to ( 23 ) it, one should learn how to manage stress.
11.4. Conditionals
11.4.1. Choose the correct form by underlining the right element
1. In case/unless Isabel comes, I won't be able to hand her over the key.
2. If the team won the match, they would/might hope to play in the final.
3. Joe will bring cash with him in case the banks are/were closed.
4. If you had not warned/did not warn me, I would make a mess of it.
5. Now I wish I had not eaten/did not eat that much.
6. Everybody wishes you could have/could come.
7. If only children had listened/listened to their parents!
8. If Peter were keen to/keen on Sally, she would have noticed it.
9. If Marcia could bear drinking beer, she would join/have joined you.
10. It's high time your son learned/had learned to look after himself.
11.4.2. Re-write the sentences by using the given words and leaving the meaning intact. E.g. I allow you to stay on condition that you behave yourself (can).If you behave yourself, you can stay.
1. I can't come because my job is not done. Be able.
2. Bob is not at University because he has failed the exams. Would.
3. Trust me and I promise to be with you. Long.
4. The unemployment will continue with this government. Unless.
5. Bring you driving license because you might have to drive. Case.
6. Bruno did not ask me, so I did not answer. Would.
7. Lucy did not take her umbrella and got wet through. Not.
8. Tanya did not rise early and missed her bus. Might.
9. Prime-minister invited the ambassador and so he is here. Be.
10. Boris is short and he does not like it. Was/were
11. I really regret having taken your advice. Wish
12. It's really bad that we did not listen to you then. Only
13. Our neighbours always have their TV on shrieking. Turn
14. Your complaining all the time irritates me. Stop.
11.4.3. Read the text and tick off correct lines with 4 . Write down unnecessary elements and/or corrections made in each line in the space provided. The beginning has been done for you.
Eating fruit could protect against an age-related eye disease. Research says that those who would ate three or more servings of fruit a day would be 36% less likely to develop age-related eye diseases than people who eat less than 1.5 per day. If people eat little or much fruit, the cells in their eyes are not likely to either break down or get damaged with the age. There is a treatment for this condition but no better cure. The researchers have tried explain how the amount of fruit, vegetables and vitamins people eat related to the risk of developing the eye disease. While three or more portion of fruit a day was found to significantly cut someone's risk of developing the disease, eating less vegetables did not appear to hold not any benefit. Bananas and oranges were strongly linked with protective benefits. Some substances found in fruit made particular benefits for eye health. There are substances in foods which give ageing people the extra benefits compared to vitamins and minerals. If young people look ahead they would have eaten more fruit instead of taking vitamins in pills.
would
11.4.4. Fill in the gaps in the text by making correct choices
Guy Fawkes ( 1 ) have destroyed the centre of London if his 1605 plot had not been ( 2 ). Explosion experts recently reconstructed the whole situation. The 2,500 kg of gunpowder could have ( 3 ) chaos and devastation over a 49--metre radius, say physicists. The ( 4 ) blast was powerful enough to ( 5 ) Westminster Hall and the Abbey, with streets as far as Whitehall ( 6 ) severe damage. Another expert says Guy Fawkes used 25 ( 7 ) the explosive needed to destroy the House of Lords. This ( 8 ) the question - just how big a bang did Guy Fawkes intend to ( 9 )? Early in the morning of 5 November 1605, the guard went down to the ( 10 ) under the House of Lords to discover Guy Fawkes with 36 barrels of gunpowder and some matches. He ( 11 ) causing an explosion that ( 12 ) kill James 1 when he attended Parliament later that day. The plan never came ( 13 ) and soon a big crowd saw Fawkes go to his execution. The crowd saw him ( 14 ) hanged and burnt like the straw-stuffed effigies nowadays are burnt in ( 15 ) of that unsuccessful plot. If he had succeeded, explosion experts believe, King James's death might have been the ( 16 ) end of the wedge, causing a much bigger damage ( 17 ) the whole. Researchers helped us work out the size of damage Guy Fawkes might have ( 18 ) upon London. They used the weight of explosives to work ( 19 ) how it would affect its surroundings. From the ( 20 ) of explosives that Guy Fawkes had, they can now say that if you had been ( 21 ) of a mile away you would have seen broken windows ( 22 ) you. Within that ( 23 ) the devastation would have been much greater. The Houses of Parliament and Westminster Hall would have been ( 24 ) obliterated. Actually, Guy Fawkes used substantially ( 25 ) gunpowder that he needed to destroy Parliament. The conspirator went for an overkill, filling the cellar beneath the House of Lords ( 26 ) twenty-five times the explosive necessary to bring the building ( 27 ). He was no amateur ( 28 ) explosives. Before the plot he served in the army, where his ( 29 ) was to pack gunpowder.
1. A/ could B/ might C/ must D/ would
2. A/ broken B/ foiled C/ realised D/ successful
3. A/ brought B/ stopped C/ risen D/ caused
4. A/ planned B/ designed C/ constructed D/ conceived
11. A/ was about B/ was willing C/ wanted D/ intended
12. A/ would B/ would have C/ could have D/ might
13. A/ on B/ out C/ about D/ in
14. A/ having B/ being C/ getting D/ to getting
15. A/ honour B/ memory C/ homage D/ celebration
16. A/ thin B/ think C/ wide D/ narrow
17. A/ at B/ on C/ in D/ for
18. A/ brought B/ caused C/ taken D/ given
19. A/ up B/ down C/ out D/ on
20. A/ sum B/ number C/ amount D/ quality
21. A/ third B/ a third C/ the third D/ a/the third
22. A/ about B/ near C/ around D/ over
23. A/ distance B/ region C/ length D/ territory
24. A/ wholly B/ holy C/ completely D/ deeply
25. A/ less B/ more C/ enough D/ much
26. A/ by B/ at C/ for D/ with
27. A/ up B/ down C/ off D/ away
28. A/ in B/ at C/ on D/ for
29. A/ task B/ function C/ assignment D/ job
11.4.5. Complete the text by closing gaps with only one word or word form (e.g. "could have done" is one word form).
If the climate ( 1 ) to change, Monarch butterflies ( 2 ) lose their winter habitat ( 3 ) 50 years. When winter comes, these butterflies ( 4 ) thousands of miles each autumn from North America to the fur ( 5 ) of Mexico. If the rainfall ( 6 ), the forests could become unsuitable for the butterflies. They could die ( 7 ) specific conditions in the forests change. The life-( 8 ) of Monarch butterflies is very complex. They ( 9 ) during summer to the east of the Rocky Mountains and when winter comes travel to ( 10 ) forests in central Mexico. The mystery that still exists is how the Monarchs ( 11 ) to follow the same route every year. Their arrival ( 12 ) with Mexico's Day of the Dead celebrations. Many villagers ( 13 ) the butterflies represent the spirits of their ( 14 ). The butterflies huddle in great colonies around the ( 15 ) and branches of the trees. If the cool and relatively dry conditions change, the Monarchs ( 16 ) to survive. Scientists have noticed that if there are any "blips" in the winter ( 17 ), the Monarch population nose-dives. Computer modelling ( 18 ) that the temperature in the Mexican forests is ( 19 ) to change much, but it will rain more, which the butterflies will not be able to ( 20 ). If for some reason today the air ( 21 ) more humid, the chances ( 22 ) that they ( 23 ) freezing to death. Another danger is that the forest area where the Monarchs can survive is ( 24 ) to shrink because of deforestation to make ( 25 ) for agriculture.
11.5. Gerund and Infinitive
11.5.1. Choose the correct form by underlining the right element
1. It was real fun for children eating/to eat at McDonald's
2. The crowd was looking forward to see/to seeing the criminal.
3. Can you imagine to live/living on a desert island?
4. Ruby is quite well off and can afford buying/to buy a BMW.
5. The judge assumed that Tony was forced to commit/committing a crime.
6. The soldiers were made walk/to walk 10 miles a day.
7. Please remember to see/seeing Angela. It must have been last evening.
8. I regret saying/to say that you are making too much noise.
9. Dennis and his wife would prefer rising/to rise early in the morning.
10. Everybody saw the dog disappear/disappearing round the corner.
11. My dream was to see the famous illusionist perform/performing tricks.
12. Eventually my grandfather stopped sitting/to sit up late.
11.5.2. Re-write the sentences by using the given words and leaving the meaning intact. You can change the word form if necessary. E.g. Dolly seems to be so intelligent. Appear.Dolly appears to be so intelligent.
1. Nobody around was ready to fix my car. Offer.
2. The manager did not write this instruction in his message. Omit.
3. For all his efforts, Paul was unable to pass the exam. Fail.
4. The lawn in front of the Johnson's house is never mown. Neglect.
5. I will be very grateful to receive your feedback. Appreciate.
6. Nobody was able to suppress their laughter.Can't help.
7. Do you object if I turn the sound down? Mind.
8. Roy finally said that it was him who had broken the window. Admit.
9. Just imagine how Rose was riding on horse-back! Fancy
10. You can experiment and use more salt and spices. Try.
11. My suggestion is that we take a taxi. Mean.
12. Jack was telling his shaggy dog stories for hours. Go.
13. I have the right to see the manager now. Demand.
14. Gwendolyn had an idea to club together and eat out. Suggest.
11.5.3. Read the text and tick off correct lines with 4 . Write down unnecessary elements and/or corrections made in each line in the space provided. The beginning has been done for you.
Early in the morning I was at the phone talking to my cousin overseas when I heard a rolling sound erupt. It appeared being strange and I did not manage explaining the origin of it to myself. It was the noise, as the sound of a rolling thunder but the sun was shining and the sky was crystal blue. My wife who was very concerning about the noise, convinced me walking outside to see what had happened. We went on but there was nothing wrong. Yet, we felt like alarmed by some strange feeling. A faint suspicion dawned in me that something terrible had occurred and I prepared to know what happened. I walked towards the TV and my suspicion was confirming. It looked as if a spaceship had just been lost during the blast. For the next few minutes we watched TV and listened to the radio. They replayed shot bits of information again and again. By that moment the reporter avoided to tell the truth but as they kept on talking, the terrible truth was coming down. First one witness mentioned seeing an explosion in the sky. Then more. It became clear that the catastrophe of the space ship was only few miles away from where we were. Later for the evening I told the whole story to the children but omitted telling them the gruesome details. Late at night the President regretted saying that there was a severe set back for the space programme. He then went on saying that the programme continue. I then decided to take a walk and stopped to look at TV.
On the phone
11.5.4. Fill in the gaps in the text by making correct choices
The archaeologists digging ( 1 ) Cyprus have discovered the oldest known evidence that people were ( 2 ) cats as pets in ancient times. Scientists suggested ( 3 ) on sites of old villages. The hard job was worth ( 4 ) it. The remains of the cat were found in a village inhabited from the 9th millennium BC. The ( 5 ) shows that domestication of cats may ( 6 ) 9,000 years ago. People in that period were already used to ( 7 ) cats around as pets. They seem to have been enjoying the pets so much that preferred ( 8 ) buried together. Previously it was thought that the Egyptians were the first ( 9 ) cats as far back as ( 10 ) 2,000 BC. The process could actually have begun much earlier than that and humans could ( 11 ) taming cats some 7,000 years BC. Domestication of dogs began ( 12 ) earlier dating back to 12-11,000 BC. Cats might have had religious as ( 13 ) as material significance for people in the stone age. The reason for cats ( 14 ) among humans could have been very simple. When agriculture was beginning to ( 15 ), grain storage ( 16 ) have attracted large mice populations. So cats may have been ( 17 ) to settle in villages to control the mice. Thus, ancient people made their pets ( 18 ). They preferred to use cats ( 19 ) fighting mice rather than simply ( 20 ) these animals. If this hypothesis is true, cats could have been attracted into villages as ( 21 ) as there were mice. Cats in those ancient ( 22 ) were larger than present-day domestic cats. Scientists ( 23 ) that domestic cats must have been domesticated from wild cats after people saw them ( 24 ) mice.
1. A/ in B/ on C/ in/on D/ at
2. A/ keeping B/ holding C/ breeding D/ feeding
3. A/ to dig B/ to excavate C/ digging D/ looking
4. A/ of doing B/ to do C/ of to do D/ doing
5. A/ proof B/ evidence C/ testimony D/ fact
6. A/ have begun B/ began C/ had begun D/ begin
7. A/ have B/ have had C/ having D/ having had
8. A/ to be/being B/ to be C/ being D/ to have been
9. A/ domesticating B/ domesticate C/ to domesticate D/ taming
10. A/ in B/ by C/ at/on D/ 0
11. A/ start B/ have started C/ be starting D/ be started
