The criminal admitted robbing the bank
I can only imagine living in the desert.
Do you mind opening the window?
He suggested attacking the enemy at once.
Worth, no use/good, no point (in), it's useless, it's a waste of time, go, can't help
Is the book worth reading? It's no good crying over spilt milk. There's no point (in) arguing. It's a waste of time doing nothing. More young people go snorkelling in the sea these days.
Note: "We used to play domino every evening" ("to" is an infinitive particle); After verbs like "enjoy", "mind", "suggest" we use only "-ing" not "to".
5.1.1b. Study the list of infinitive uses. Give your own examples.
I advise you to stay in bed
Can you convince them to keep quiet?
The church forbids people to sin.
Do not force me to do the injustice.
Tell her to phone me at once.
I demand to knowthe truth.
After "make", "let", "have", modal verbs
They made me walk a mile (TO)
I had the garage change the oil. (TO)
After "dare", "help"
I don't dare (to) ask her about the results.
Can you help me (to) fix my bike?
5.1.1c. Study the list of gerund or infinitive uses. Give your own examples.
Begin, continue, intend, like, love, start, try, be afraid of/to, (meaning changes with the use of "remember", "regret", "stop", "go on")
Paul began doing (to do) the task
Please remember to take the bike(reminder)
Do you remember taking it? (fact in memory)
I regret saying this to you (sorry for my words)
I regret to say that (informing a person)
He stopped smoking (quitted the habit)
They stopped to smoke (took a break)
He went on talking for hours (no stop)
Then he went on to say (changed the subject)
Prefer
Thanks Sir, I prefer standing.
My son prefers travelling to watching movies.
Liz prefers to go rather than to stay.
Dad would certainly prefer to have it his way.
I would prefer Jack to do the driving.
Somebody needs to
You need to do more exercise to be fit
Inanimate thing needs
This carpet needs mending
See, watch, hear somebody do something completely
We only saw the fugitive climb the wall and disappear. The audience watched the animal grab the victim and drag her into the cage.
See, watch, hear somebody at the moment of incomplete action
It was a pleasure to see the famous ballerina dancing. My dream was to hear the famous tenor singing. It was such fun watching the cubs playing around in the yard.
5.1.2. Match grammar structures with rules of use (be critical with your choice paying attention to the rule, not the lexical meaning)
1. She only pretends to look happy.
A. As with "want"
B. As with "advise"
C. As with "dare"
2. The law forbids children to buy alcohol.
A. As with "fail"
B. As with "enable"
C. As with "make"
3. Let's have the policeman do his job.
A. As with "can't"
B. As with "convince"
C. As with "help"
4. I love eating out!
A. Subject in a sentence
B. As with "worth"
C. As with "enjoy"
5. The audience could not help laughing.
A. As with "imagine"
B. As with "before"
C. As with "it's worth"
6. Samuel appeared to be smart at first.
A. As with "expect"
B. As with "decide"
C. As with "advise"
7. The guide made the group change the route.
A. As with "let"
B. As with "advise"
C. As with "help"
8. The youth did not dare fight back.
A. As with "help"
B. As with "force"
C. As with "make"
9. We all remember travelling to Haiti.
A. As with "regret"
B. As with "begin"
C. As with "convince"
10. This lesson needs revising.
A. As with "somebody"
B. As with "prefer"
C. As with "things"
11. I'd prefer to drink mineral water.
A. As with "would"
B. As with "rather"
C. As with "to"
12. We are used to sitting up late.
A. After preposition
B. As with "begin"
C. With "to" particle
5.1.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. in the morning makes me feel so much better.
2. The minister gave an interview at the airport.
3. We were all looking forward from those unfortunate passengers.
4. The stranger admitted the policemen.
5. Does your mother mind ?
6. The boss suggested the office starting with the waiting room.
7. The film is not worth at all. It's a complete flop.
8. Students can't afford so much time on doing nothing.
9. The children were made several miles under the scorching sun.
10. You will certainly remember money from the bank.
11. We regret you that your application has not been approved.
12. After the interval the lecturer went on about the terror threat.
1. A/ To swim B/ On swimming C/ Swimming D/ To have swum
2. A/ at arriving B/ on arriving C/ at arrival D/ on arrived
3. A/ to hearing B/ to be hearing C/ hearing D/ to have heard
4. A/ attacking to B/having attacked C/to attack D/ to have attacked
5. A/ being invited B/to be invited C/ inviting D/ to invite
6. A/ to refurbish B/ refurbishing C/ be refurbished D/ refurbish
7. A/ to see B/ to be seen C/ of seeing D/ seeing
8. A/ spending B/ to spend C/ be spent D/ to have spent
9. A/ walk B/ walking C/ to walk D/ be walking
10. A/ borrowing B/ to borrow C/ top have borrowed D/ borrow
11. A/ informing B/ to inform C/ to have informed D/ be informed
12. A/ to talk B/ to be talking C/ for talk D/ to talk
5.1.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with the missing language. Change the bare infinities given to you.
Once upon a time there lived in a village a beautiful girl called Coral. She enjoyed 1 in the garden, 2 her house and 3 the cooking. Coral loved a young man called The Brave. The villagers liked him because he was the most courageous of all the young men in that part of the world. 4 was his favourite occupation and brave he was in 5 the wild animals. The Brave loved Coral and they used 6 every evening after sunset at a cliff called by the old ones the Cliff of Flowers. Villagers were used 7 them at the cliff every time the stars began 8 in the sky. The whole village was looking forward to 9 the young couple married. The Tartars used 10 the country at that time. No Tartar warrior dared 11 between Coral and The Brave, but the Khan fell in love with Coral. He only pretended 12.. courageous but was afraid of The Brave and preferred 13 him and 14 the girl. So, one day Coral and The Brave stopped 15 in the shade. The peasants saw the Khan 16 behind a rock. Then they saw him 17 seven poisonous arrows at the young man. On the arrows 18 the body, blood spurted out of the wounds. People saw the youth 19 to his knees. Bitter tears started 20 from Coral's eyes but there was nothing she could do 21 him. Heartbroken and driven half-crazy with grief, Coral made the Khan 22 off the drop-off. Nobody had seen the girl ever since but somebody saw her 23 into a wailing cloud because of what had happened. For a long time after this tragic event, a cloud was seen 24 about the cliff 25 tears of rain. The white flowers on the cliff began 26 red in colour and everybody preferred 27 them corals rather than red flowers. Not many people these days care 28 the Khan but the cliff is known as the Tartar's cliff. The rock became known as the Rock of Love and it's a good omen for young travellers 29 30 up flowers here.
Work
Keep, do
Hunt
Follow
Meet
See
Sparkle
See
Plunder
Stand
Be
Kill
Steal
Rest
Hide
Shoot
Hit
Fall
Fall
Save
Fall
Turn
Wander
Drop
Turn
Call
Remember
Stop, pick
5.1.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write a free version of what you have read in the space provided. Focus on using cases of gerund and infinitive.
When the first explorers dived to the very bottom of the ocean in 1960 their visit was only long enough to watch a flatfish skimming the seafloor, to exclaim their surprise at seeing life thriving at such depths, and to make history by touching this deepest part of the ocean. After twenty minutes the divers got their small bathyscaph to go up to the surface. They did not dare to stay longer. Their camera could not have been made to work and what they saw was lost to posterity. Humans have not dared dive that deep ever since. We are not used to living and working at the bottom of the ocean under tremendous pressure. One can imagine having hundreds and hundreds of elephants all standing on one small human toe. That is why it is a good way out sending robot to take deep plunges in the world ocean. There is little or no point in risking human lives. A new vehicle is expected to reach the deepest part of the world's ocean and to perform a variety of tasks such as photography and topographical mapping. The robot will remember to perform all the instructions and to collect data for later analysis. Free swimming will allow it to dive in previously inaccessible areas. Batteries will enable the craft to move along for 36 hours and to go as deep as 6,000 metres. It will stop to snap all the surprises with on-board cameras. The transport will have two arms so as to grab samples from the bottom. These capabilities will allow scientists to study the bottom of the ocean two kilometres deeper than Mount Everest is tall. It will let scientists send the equipment where humans had never been to and where they would not survive extreme conditions. The world ocean is known to cover two thirds of the planet, the vast majority - 90% - are unexplored. Scientists regret admitting that they now have better maps of Mars than of the seabed. They are looking forward to robots beginning to do the job in difficult environments. No wonder explorers prefer to use robotic technology rather than to send manned missions. Scientists hope to launch large-scale research in three to four years. Deep universe needs more human attention. People need to reveal clues as to where life began on Earth. Seabed fish might have seen life begin under water. The universe below may finally be made to give up all its secrets.
5.1.6. Imagine a comics strip and describe what happened. Focus on the correct use of gerund and infinitive cases.
6. NOUN +
6.1. Singular and Plural with Quantifiers:
N Ü N/s/es or NÜNirregular
E.g. Some things Two foci
6.1.1. Study the list of singular and plural uses of nouns (with quantifiers). Give your own examples.
Nouns ending in <o>
Nouns ending in <f>
Nouns ending in <ex>
Nouns ending in <is>
Nouns ending in <us>
Compound nouns
Irregular-plural nouns
This animal is a very rare species.
These species are extremely beautiful.
There were many aircraft seen above.
There's one (are many) means of transport.
An exotic means of travel is a magic carpet.
English singular
Money, advice (is)
With "none of"
None of the telephones were (was) available.
With "any/nobody"
Has anybody finished the paper yet?
With quantifiers: a pair of, a slice of, some, much, many, lot's of/a lot of, plenty of (singular and plural), little/a little, few/a few
Arthur has bought five pairs of jeans at once.I usually put two tea spoonfuls of sugar. A slice of lemon, please.
Schools of fish can be found in this area.
There is a grain of truth in your story. Would you like some orange juice? (Offer)Could I have some water? (Request)Is there still muchtime? (Questions and neg.) There's lots of time, don't worry. (Statements)Lucy has always had few friends (negative)
A few friends have come to visit me (positive)
Group possessive
The Jones's family settled in the area long ago.Tom and Mary's house was not expensive.My sisters and brothers-in-laws' company (company of my numerous sisters and brothers in law)
Maria's and my house (another person always comes first; e.g. Maria and Ibought a house a year ago).
6.1.2. Match grammar structures with rules of use.
1. "Paramount studios" is a famous name in cinematography.
A. Ending in <o>
B. Ending in <s>
C. Ending in <os>
2. There was a series of crises before the war.
A. Count & non-count
B. Singular and plural
C. Singular as plural
3. Many deer were exterminated during those years.
A. Singular and plural
B. Singular as plural
C. English singular
4. The new money was first taken with caution.
A. False plural
B. Count & non-count
C. English singular
5. Is fifteen minutes a long wait?
A. Plural as singular
B. Singular and plural
C. English singular
6. The whole family were together on the Christmas eve.
A. Singular as plural
B. Plural as singular
C. Singular and plural
7. The old man gave the girl only one piece of advice.
A. Singular and plural
B. English singular
C. Count & non-count
8. You should stop these practices at once.
A. Plural as singular
B. Singular as plural
C. Count & non-count
9. Thanks, I've got plenty of food.
A. As with "none of"
B. With quantifiers
C. English singular
10. All the staff were evacuated immediately.
A. Singular as plural
B. Plural as singular
C. Count & non-count
6.1.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. How many have you taken?
2. Two succeeded each other in only half a year.
3. I do not need from you.
4. Two , please.
5. I tried in Holland.
6. The physics of this paranormal phenomena not yet known.
7. Examination all piled on one table.
8. There only three kilometres to the nearest rail station.
3. A/ many advice B/many advices C/ much advice D/much advices
4. A/ fishes B/ fishes C/fish D/fish-and-chips
-and-chips -and-chipses -and-chipses
5. A/ much cheese B/ many cheese C/ much cheeses D/many cheeses
6. A/ are B/ is C/ has D/ had
7. A/ paper was B/ paper were C/papers was D/ papers were
8. A/ are B/ is C/ have D/ has
9. A/is B/are C/is/are D/ be
10.A/ slices B/ morsels C/ pieces D/ rashers
11. A/ any B/ some C/ some-any D/ much
12. A/ a few B/ few C/ little D/ a little
6.1.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with the missing language.
Students in the UK have to keep a tight rein on all their 1 for getting a better opportunity in life later. On top of the tuition 2 an average student pays the rent of 175 pounds per month, food 3 worth 25 pounds per week, and a 40- 4 lump per week for going out. There are other 5 like petrol and running a car. For many students it's their parents who pay their tuition 6 and the rent. Many of them work a 14- 7 week. The money they have 8 not big but many are good planners and keep an eye on their 9 . Unfortunately, a few students decide to call it a day for lack of money. This is a tough decision for them and the news 10 really bad for their family who are unable to help with 11 of University studies. Ten thousand pounds per year 12 big money. Students' loans are not enough, so one has to start working early if there 13 no other means. Those who continue are looking forward to their 14 after graduation in order to sort out their 15 . Some get physically ill worrying about the amount of debt they are in. Others stop attending social 16 and limit entertainment 17 . Survey data 18 that University education is for either the extremely wealthy or extremely disciplined. The students want a 19 of steps Universities should take in return for their high pay. The key is value for money. If students start to drop out, the universities will be losing 20 of their income. The government needs to take quite a few 21 to help students start, continue and complete their University degrees.
6.1.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write a free version of what you have read in the space provided. Focus on using the plural of noun.
The culture of beliefs pervades most societies and is deeply ingrained in many cultures. A superstition in one person is usually typical of many people. In some cultures it is widely shared that if you meet a black cat along the road then that is a sign of bad luck. Sheep are counted in one's mind in order to go to sleep. Some people are still afraid of being killed by witches and believe that mice are a sign of getting ill. Meeting many deer in one's night dream predicts adultery. The right clothes are the protection against lightning. No person in Britain would walk under a ladder and people are extra careful when the 13th of the month falls on a Friday. Some British grannies claim to be able to predict the sex of a baby by dangling a wedding ring over a pregnant tummy. In Scotland if on New Year's day a tall dark and handsome man happens to be the first visitor with a lump of coal, a morsel of bread and a coin, then that will bring good luck to the household. Proper men are even hired for the job of "first footer". Most people carry out their daily rituals, which become superstitions, e.g. saying "Bless you!" after sneezing. All read their horoscopes daily and believe that these predictions are true and hope to get much advice from astrology. It really takes a very confident person to challenge long held practices. In some African countries guests are given omens, charms to hang from the neck, arms and waist and to protect them from evil spirit. In some cultures you can't cross the gate of a house wearing shoes. Even police are requested to leave their shoes outside. Seeing one's pyjamas on a clothes line are bad for the owner. White or black clothes are often part of mysterious rituals. Europeans wear crosses and images. People cleanse themselves of sins by getting immersed in baths, rivers, or by getting sprinkled with water. Christians got cleansed in the Jordan river, while Hindus do this in the sacred Ghang. Superstitions persist even in the face of modern sciences. Human mind is a meaning seeker and whenever science fails to give convincing explanations to mystical phenomena, superstitions arise.
6.1.6. Exploration box. Explore collocations of "quantities". Describe wildlife in different countries of the world using appropriate collocations of quantities. Focus on plural of nouns.
"a pack of dogs/wolves", "a school of fish/whales", "a flock of birds/sheep", "a swarm of insects/flies/bees", "a pride of lions", "a herd of cows/deer/elephants", "an armful of hay", "a pack of cigarettes", "a team of scientists", "a heap of data", "a slice of lemon", "a morsel of bread", "a cake of soap", "a bar of chocolate", "a den of wolves", "a sip of tea", "a gulp of water", "a round of golf", "a game of cards"
6.2. Articles. A + N, An + vowelN, The + N
E.g. A thing On object The thing
6.2.1a. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of indefinite article. Give your own examples.
1 First mention
We clearly saw a ghostdressed in white.
2 A type of object
A watch is a good present.
3 An object described
He has an aquiline nose.
4 An object defined
A computer is a device with many functions.
5 With "such", "quite", "rather"
Dorothy is such a charm.I saw a rather large crowdbefore the palace.Paul used to be rather a naughty boy.The building had quite a rare design.
6.2.1b. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of definite article. Give your own examples.
1 Object mentioned
The helicopter was hovering high above.
2 Limited additionally
The settlers who arrived settled in Boston.
3 Generic use
The car appeared on the roads a century ago.
6.2.1c. Study the list of meanings expressed with a zero (no) article. Give your own examples.
1 Plural nouns.
(0)Sparrows are so noisy in these parts.
2 Uncountable nouns
(0). Wateris a clear liquid mineral.
3 Abstract nouns
(0) Beauty is only skin deed.
6.2.1d. Study the list of meanings expressed with special use of indefinite article. Give your own examples.
1 Indefinite names
There is a Mary Butlerfor you at the door.
2 Described meals
It was a late breakfast.
3 Two as one
A brother and sister. Ahusband and wife
4 With quantifiers
A couple of Ahalf of Half a
5 Rates
Two pounds akilo. Sixty miles anhour.
6 In exclamations
Bridget is such a nuisance!
7 Oneness
It has not been even an hoursince we met.
6.2.1e. Study the list of meanings expressed with the special use of the definite article.
1 Nationality
The Italians are known for their temper.
2 Whole family
Keeping with the Jones'sis a social rule.
3 Top post
The President, the Queen, the director
4 Rivers, seas, canals, mountain chains, groups of islands, deserts
The Amazon, the Atlantic, the Panama, the Caucasus, The Hebrides, the Sahara
5 Vast places
The mountains, the seaside, the country
6 Countries (unions or federations) + traditional use
The USA, the UK, the Sudan
7 Extreme quality thing
Aral is the dirtiest seain the world.
8 Unique things
The sky, the Earth, the sun, the moon, the stars (but: space -space in the Universe)
9 Phenomena
The traffic in this city is horrendous.
10 Cinemas, theatres, museums, galleries, historical or other ensembles and buildings
The Odeon, the British Museum, the Kremlin, the White House
11 Hotels and restaurants
Are you staying at the Hilton?
12 Entertainment
We rarely go to the opera.
13 Musical instrument
Hilary wonderfully plays the guitar.
14 Newspapers
The Washington Post, the Financial Times (but: Time, Newsweek - magazines)
15 Periods of day with "in"
In the morning, in the evening
16 Radio and programmes
Do you often listen to the radio? -Only to the news programme(but: watch TV)
17 Part of body
The gladiator was injured inthe head.
18 Public service
Amanda first called the police,and then the doctor.
6.2.1f. Study the list of meanings expressed with the special use of NO article.
1 Languages
Sorry, my guest does not speak Hindi.
2 People's names
Mr. Simpson, Lady Diana, President Carter
3 Continents, cities, countries, lakes, mountains
Antarctic, Liverpool, Denmark, Ontario, Everest (but: the Congo, the Hague)
4 Acronyms
NATO, ELT, HRH
5 Meals
I am invited to dinner.
6 Sports and games
Who can play snooker?
7 Illnesses
The poor girl is down with measles (but: a toothache, a stomach-ache)
Please give me your suitcase for inspection, sir. Now your handbag.
6.2.2. Match grammar structures containing articles with rules of use.
1 A big blue star was shining brightly over the horizon.
A. First mention
B. A type of object
C. An object described
2 A yoghurt is a kind of food made of milk curdled by bacteria.
A. A type of object
B. An object described
C. An object defined
3 The star was twinkling as of showing us the way.
A. First mention
B. Object mentioned
C. Generic use
4 The detective story is a genre favourite with all generations.
A. An object defined
B. Generic use
C. Limited additionally
5 Youth is the best period of one's life.
A. Plural nouns
B. Uncountable nouns
C. Abstract nouns
6 The late guests were offered a cold supper.
A. Described meal
B. First mention
C. An object defined
7 The Zulu are well known for their tribal traditions.
A. Whole family
B. Nationality
C. Generic use
8 The Bahamas is a good place for a family holiday.
A. Object described
B. Mountain chains
C. Islands
9 The earthquake came all of a sudden during midnight.
A. Phenomena
B. Unique things
C. Oneness
10 The space rocket blast was shown on TV.
A. Radio and programmes
B. Unlike radio
C. Public service
11 Court hearing was held in the Hague.
A. Cities
B. Countries
C. Unlike cities
12 Please open your books at page seven.
A. Object described
B. With possessive adj.
C. Noun + number
6.2.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. Choose carefully keyboard. It can lessen hands fatigue.
2. An animal that preys on others is called predator.
3. There was cloud on the left of the aircraft.
4. All I can say is that lion is a very unusual pet.
5. I would not recommend anyone to smoke tobacco.
6. The papers reported that House voted for the resolution.
7. The Senate has eventually passed bill.
8. However, President did not approve of the initiative.
9. I did know that Hilary was French.
10. Finally they went to movies.
11. Ali's, wife, though he was Moslem, was Catholic.
12. Scientists know that cheetah is the fastest animal.
13. I love best London Philharmonic Orchestra.
14. They were going to visit Tommy in hospital.
15. Semi-skilled workers are more in demand than computer expert.
1. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
2. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
3. A/ rather dangerous B/ rather a dangerous
C/ rather dangerous a D/ a rather dangerous
4. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
5. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
6. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
7. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
8. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
9. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
10. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
11. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
12. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
13. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
14. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
15. A/ a B/ the C/ 0 D/a or the
6.2.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with the missing articles.
( 1 ) Queen's message to ( 2 ) Commonwealth on December 25 has become as traditional of ( 3 ) British Christmas as ( 4 ) roast turkey and ( 5 ) Christmas pudding. Millions of people across ( 6 ) United Kingdom turn on ( 7 ) television to watch the Queen sum up the year and offer ( 8 ) season's greetings to her subjects. Millions more around the world listen to ( 9 ) speech on their radios and, nowadays, on ( 10 ) Internet. The tradition was begun by ( 11 )King George V, in 1932. In the early days, ( 12 ) message went out live but from 1960 onwards it was recorded ( 13 ) few days in advance. In the past, most of the speeches have been regarded as uncontroversial, even ( 14 ) little dull. In 1932 when King George V made the first royal Christmas broadcast to what was then ( 15 ) British Empire, it was transmitted live from his small study at Sandringham, in Norfolk, where ( 16 ) royal family always spend their Christmas holidays. The speech was scripted by ( 17 ) famous author, Rudyard Kipling, and began with ( 18 ) words: "I speak now from my home and from my heart to you all." The contents of the speech are always top secret until it is ( 19 ) first transmitted. The speech is traditionally filmed in ( 20 ) great secrecy at Sandringham in ( 21 ) week before Christmas. But in recent years it has also been filmed at ( 22 ) Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace. The footage is sent in advance around the world to 17 Commonwealth countries, to be broadcast at ( 23 ) convenient local time.
6.2.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write in the space provided a free version of what you have read. Focus on using the articles.
The Hubble Space Telescope has obtained the deepest view ever of the cosmos, detecting the youngest and most distant galaxies ever seen by astronomers. A telescope is a very well known optical device but this one is positioned in the space and is the most powerful telescope ever to exist. Scientists have now seen a strange world of unusual shapes and colours. The new pictures take astronomers close to the Big Bang unveiling the first galaxies that emerged from the end of the so-called "dark ages". This was a time in cosmic history when the first stars were re-heating a cold, dark Universe. Perhaps this is the time described in the Book of Genesis. The photos reveal galaxies that are too faint to be seen by ground-based observations. One can see a wide range of galaxies with various sizes, shapes, and colours. There is a "zoo" of strangely shaped galaxies, some of them interacting with each other. Their shapes are different from the spiral and elliptical galaxies we know today. These unusual galaxies may chronicle a period when the Universe was more chaotic with order and structure just beginning to emerge. The order in the Universe that we know today began in those unthinkably ancient times. Besides, there are some red points of light that might be distant galaxies further away in space that even the Hubble can't reach yet. Perhaps these spots are the farthest and youngest galaxies ever seen. In any case, nothing has indicated so far that the end of the Universe exists somewhere.
6.2.6. Exploration box. Explore the use of articles, explain the rules and give your own description of the Statue of Liberty. Focus on articles.
On July 4, 1986, America threw a birthday party for the Statue of Liberty that will not soon be forgotten. With a golden sunset glowing in the background, President Ronald Reagan declared, "We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see." Later that day, the president pressed a button that sent a laser beam across the water toward the statue. Slowly, dramatically, majestically, a light show unveiled Liberty and her new torch, and the most spectacular fireworks show America had ever seen exploded across the sky.
Prepositions
7.1. Prepositions. Time, place, noun + prepositions, adjective + prepositions, verb + prepositions. E.g. at Easter/Christmas (on Christmas day), in time (for dinner), at 17 Oxford Road, different to something, look for/after, think about/of etc.
7.1.1. Study the list of cases illustrating the use of prepositions. Give your own examples.
At
At five o'clock, at midnight, at lunchtime, at sunrise, at the weekend, at Christmas, at Easter (on Easter day), at the moment, at present, at the same time, at the end (of something), at first, at dinner, at lunch, at the traffic lights, at the bus stop, at the door, at school, at the church, at the top/bottom, at the street corner, at the shop (near the shop), at the seaside, open at page, at the back/front of a house, stand at the back, at home, at work, at University, at college, at sea (on a voyage), at a party/meeting/football match/ concert, at the station/airport, at Smiths' (in their house), at the doctor's, stop at Brighton (rail station), arrive at a hotel/party, at the age of, at 21 (about age), at 60 miles per hour, at a speed, at 100 degrees Celsius, surprised at (by), good at, excellent at, look/stare at, fire at, shout at (raise voice), throw something at,
On
On Monday, on 1 September, on a frosty morning, on Christmas day, on time (punctually), on the bus, on the floor, on the notice board, on the street corner, on the door (a knock, on the seacoast, found on a page, on the left/right, on a list, on the menu, on a farm, on the back/front of a sheet of paper, on a bus/train/plane, ship, on a bicycle, on a horse, get on the bus (opposite: get off the bus), on holiday, on business, on a trip, on a cruise, on a tour, on TV, on/over the radio, on the phone, on strike, on a diet, on fire, on the whole, on purpose, on foot, keen on (interested in), dependent on, blame something on somebody (accuse), depend on, rely on, congratulate on, compliment on, insist on, spend on,
In
In January, in the morning, in 1917, in the 70s, in the 21 century, in the Middle Ages, in the past, in (the) future, in a couple of minutes, in a moment, in two week's time, in time (without delay, e.g. in time for dinner), in the end ("finally" is opposite to "at first" ), in the shop, in the corner of the room, in a line, in a row, in a queue, in a street, in a photograph/picture, in the front/back of a car, in bed, in hospital, in the sea (swimming), in my car/a taxi (with articles or pronouns), arrive in a country or city, in the rain, in the sun, in red, in ink, in pencil, in writing, in cash, in one's opinion, rise/fall in (e.g. prices), strong in, believe in, specialise in, increase in
Into
Get into (opposite: out of), break into, cut into (several pieces), translate into, crash into,
By
By air, by rail, by road, by chance, by accident, by mistake, by cheque, by VISA credit card, by Post, by car, by the window (near), win by 30 seconds (a whisker), rise by 70% (amount of increase), surprised by (at), impressed by (with), increase by
With
Open with a key, impressed with (by), delighted with, collide with,
For
Need for, cheque for, demand for, reason for, sorry for having done something wrong (or: for somebody), famous for, apologise for something (to somebody), care for, wait for, look for,
Of
Advantage of, cause of, stupid of somebody, kind of somebody, nice of somebody, afraid of, ashamed of, envious of, jealous of, typical of, independent of, take care of, dream of (imagine), hear of (know something), remind of (a person or event), accuse of, approve of, die of, tolerant of, afraid of, short of,
To
Damage to, answer to (a question), solution to a problem, attitude to/towards, different to (or: from), keen to do (is eager to begin), listen to, shout to (making oneself heard), explain to, apologise to somebody (for something), take to, prefer something to something, happen to, to one's mind, be nice to, key to the door,
From
Different from (or: to), hear from (receive a letter from somebody), make from,
About
Happy about, sorry about having done something wrong, talk about, care about, dream about (during sleep), hear about (being told about), remind about (not to forget), warn about,
After
Take after, look after
During
During the storm, during the lesson
While
While children were asleep
nest Saturday, last June, last year, next time, as far back as 1900, enter a house, phone somebody, ask somebody, thank somebody, ask somebody, expect somebody/something, influence somebody/something, approve something (authorise), it depends how much it costs/when he arrives etc,
7.1.2. Supply prepositions that can be used with the following words:
1 Bus (the)
A/ in
B/ on
C/ at
2 Trinity
A/ at
B/ in
C/ on
3 Sea (the)
A/ on
B/ at
C/ in
4 Back (the crowd)
A/ at
B/ in
C/ on
5 Keen (interest)
A/ on
B/ in
C/ to
6 Time (to schedule)
A/ on
B/ at
C/ by
7 Car (a)
A/ by
B/ in
C/ on
8 Green (colour of a thing)
A/ in
B/ of
C/ 0
9 Pencil (written by)
A/ by
B/ with
C/ in
10 Translate
A/ in
B/ into
C/ to
11 Rise (increase to some amount)
A/ in
B/ by
C/ to
12 In need
A/ for
B/ of
C/ to
13 Dream (night)
A/ about
B/ of
C/ to
14 Hear (being aware)
A/ about
B/ of
C/ after
15 Take (like a person)
A/ to
B/ after
C/ for
7.1.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. Students are not very good writing dictations yet.
2. The fans of Harry Potter do not know what will happen the end.
3. The police found the cache of arms the back of the old house.
4. You'd better stop Chelsea and change over there.
5. You will sea the rules of the air-carrier the back of the ticket.
6. The flight was overbooked with too many people the cabin.
7. Going by car I heard the news the radio.
8. The collision of the two vehicles was blamed on the truck driver.
9. The only chair was the corner.
10. The young housewife did not know how to break family budget.
11. An asteroid has missed the Earth only 600000 miles.
12. The grandmother enjoyed caring the new-born.
13. The old actor was jealous the young entertainers.
14. There is no need to shout the new telephone.
15. No arguments could influence the mind of this stubborn person.
1. A/ in B/ of C/ with D/ at
2. A/ at B/ by C/ to D in
3. A/ in B/ at C/ by D/ behind
4. A/ by B/ in C/ at D/ to
5. A/ on B/ in C/ over D/ at
6. A/ in B/ on C/ at D/ into
7. A/ on B/ over C/ on/over D/ from
8. A/ to B/ on C/ on/to D/ onto
9. A/ on B/ in C/ at D/ by
10. A/ into B/ up C/ off D/ down
11. A/ by B/ in C/ for D/ for
12. A/ for B/ after C/ to D/ with
13. A/ for B/ about C/ of D/ to
14. A/ at B/ to C/ for D/ into
15. A/ on B/ at C/ 0 D/ to
7.1.4. Fill the gaps in the text below using one of the given prepositions.
The project began ( 1 ) the early nineteen-seventies. Department of Defense officials decided to try to link universities ( 2 ) computer. They believed they could link computers ( 3 ) these universities by telephone. University researchers working ( 4 ) the same project could share large amounts of information very quickly. The computer is linked to a telephone ( 5 ) a device called a modem. The modem changes computer information ( 6 ) electronic messages that are sounds. These messages pass through the telephone equipment to the modem ( 7 ) the other end of the telephone line. This receiving modem changes the sound messages back into information the computer can use. The link ( 8 ) universities has quickly grown into a major network. Some experts have said it is easier to think ( 9 ) this network of computers if you imagine streets in a city. You will be surprised ( 10 ) how information is found ( 11 ) the given address. Local networks are like the city streets. And communication links between distant local networks are like the major highways. These highways make communication possible ( 12 ) networks in different areas of the world. Today experts say there are hundreds of millions of computers connected ( 13 ) networks that provide links with computers ( 14 ) the world. It will be no big exaggeration to say that in many countries computers are now available "( 15 ) every street corner".
IN - BY
BY- WITH
AT - IN
AT - ON
WITH - BY
INTO - FOR
ON - AT
BETWEEN - AMONG
OF -ABOUT
AT - WITH
IN - AT
BETWEEN - AMONG
TO - ON
AROUND - ROUND
AT - IN
7.1.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write in the space provided a free version of what you have read. Focus on using the prepositions.
As far back as the fall of I620 the Pilgrims from the Old World set out on their journey and crossed the Atlantic Ocean on their ship, the Mayflower. They had not heard much of the land they were heading to. The trip by water was very difficult, there were storms for many days in a row, and many people got sick at sea. While they were on the crowded ship, the Pilgrims agreed on a form of government for their new colony. There was nobody to approve it as there was no parliament yet. This agreement established in principle the democratic rules of the new colony. In the end, on December 22 the travellers arrived in the state of Massachusetts and landed at Plymouth. There was not enough food for the long, cold winter and many settlers did not live to the spring. Others did not know what would happen to them. Some friendly Indians were impressed with the gifts from the settlers and showed the Pilgrims how to hunt, fish and plant corn, beans and other foods. The Plymouth colonists were looking forward to gathering a good harvest the next fall and the crop was heavy indeed. They had a special day of thanksgiving with a feast of deer, wild turkey, and fish. There were also nuts, wild fruits, cranberries, corn, beans, pumpkin, and sweet potatoes on the table. Everybody was delighted with celebrating the miraculous survival, of which they could not even dream. Americans were so happy about their first success that President Abraham Lincoln established thanksgiving day as a national holiday. Now every year on the fourth Thursday of November American families and friends gather, have a feast, and give thanks to remind themselves about the past, and to congratulate each other on this legendary salvation of their forefathers.
7.1.6. Study the list of collocations with the preposition "on" and think of your own examples.
1) place on
2) work on
3) ride on
4) arrest on a charge
5) vote on
6) check on
7) hold on
8) depend on
9) disagree on
10) on advice
11) assault on
12) on arrival
13) on business
14) on March 25
15) on one's legs
16) on occasion
17) on the doorstep
18) comment on
19) count on
20) on the basis of
21) on the board
22) on the list
23) keep an eye on
24) on the market
25) on behalf
Phrasal verbs
8.1. Phrasal verbs with idiomatic meaning.
8.1.1. Study the list of cases illustrating the use of phrasal verbs. Give your own examples.
Be up to
What are these hooligans up to again?
Break off
After uneasy years their relationship broke off.
Bring about
Nobody was able to bring about such dreams.
Bring round
Only a strong injection broughthim round.
Call back
The subscriber is unavailable. Please call backlater.
Call in
Do not hesitate to call inwhen you are passing by.
Carry out
The task was carried outwithout much noise.
Come out
Lilies-of-the-valley have come outthis morning.
Cut out for
This prodigy child is cut out for playing a violin.
Do out of
They always do me out of a buck. Cheating all the time.
Draw in
The train drew in and stopped at the platform.
Get round
I can never get my boss round changing his mind.
Give off
This perfume is giving offa very suspicious smell.
Hold on
Hold on please, I will switch you over to the boss.
Keep in with
Try to keep in withthis person however hard it is.
Let out.
Do not let your shirt out.It's not very proper.
Let down
It's not time to let your hair down.The exam is not over.
Look in on
I will only look in onmy parents for a sec and join you.
Make out
I can't make outa single letter in this scribbling.
Pass out
The blow was severe and the youth passed outfor a while.
Pay down
The shop allowed us to pay downby instalments.
Pull out
The train pulled out right on time.
Put down to
We put down your behaviour to some bad example.
Run into
The mugger ran intoa police officer and was help up.
Stand out
This young actress will indeed stand outamong others.
Take in
Do not take me in.I am not so naive.
Turn on.
Be careful. This dog may turn onyou.
Wear off
All her emotions wore offwith the time.
8.1.2. Match phrasal verbs with their meaning
1 Be in for
A/ expect something good
B/ expect something bad
C/ experience something
2 Be with
A/ understand
B/ follow closely
C/ listen
3 Bring off
A/ tear apart
B/ take away
C/ make succeed
4 Come in
A/ become fashionable
B/ make fashionable
C/ keep up with fashion
5 Draw on
A/ make use of
B/ waste time
C/ gain time
6 Fall in with
A/ fall in love
B/ agree with
C/ start a debate
7 Give off
A/ come to an end
B/ emit smell (smoke)
C/ supply (with money)
8 Go off
A/ go bad (of food)
B/ start an activity
C/ continue
9 Look in on somebody
A/ take a close look
B/ approach closely
C/ pay a short visit
10 Take somebody out
A/ expose somebody
B/ Invite to a restaurant
C/ Drive to despair
8.1.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
1. After many stressful hours Daniel was with the job.
2. I am sorry to say but Janet is with flue.
3. Nobody believed that the conflict could have broken so easily.
4. The manager lacked capacity and failed to bring the project .
5. The conference organising board announced a call papers.
6. It was very windy and Jill did her coat .
7. The dog was tired of cruel treatment and fell .. a rage.
8. The battery was old and soon gave .
9. The mugger snatched the handbag and made .
10. The days ran without any visible light at the end of the tunnel.
11. Simon tried to avoid misunderstanding and took the words .
12. Nobody wanted to turn the criminal to the police.
13. Such a heavy load will definitely wear the workers .
14. Even the wisest sages were unable to work a solution.
15. You should never go what people say.
1. A/ through B/ up C/ off D/ down
2. A/ away B/ down C/ up D/ off
3. A/ up B/ off C/ down D/ out
4. A/ off B/ up C/ away D/ out
5. A/ on B/ for C/ with D/ to
6. A/ down B/ off C/ up D/ out
7. A/ into B/ for C/ on D/ with
8. A/ in B/ on C/ out D/ out
9. A/ off B/ up C/ down D/ for
10. A/ on B/ off C/ away D/ out
11. A/ off B/ away C/ back D/ over
12. A/ out B/ in C/ over D/ off
13. A/ down B/ out C/ off D/ up
14. A/ out B/ down C/ up D/ over
15. A/ by B/ on C/ to D/ for
8.1.4. Fill the gaps in the text below using phrasal verb prepositions.
Psychologists have come ( 1 ) with a variety of behaviour modification techniques trying to draw teenagers ( 2 ) anti-smoking programmes. In the "rapid smoking technique" smokers are asked to puff every 5 seconds until they turn ( 3 ) smoking. This is an example of putting ( 4 ) the habit. Making smoking an aversive rather than a pleasant experience can bring young people ( 5 ) smoking. Another technique is "stimulus control". Smokers first learn to look ( 6 ) on typical situations that stimulated them to smoke. Then they learn how to avoid these situations and to pick ( 7 ) alternative behaviours. If one usually smokes after drinking an after-dinner cup of coffee, one might do well to give ( 8 ) drinking coffee after dinner. One might take ( 9 ) after-dinner walks in the fresh air. Such programmes often help people keep ( 10 ) smoking for weeks or months. The problem is that many drop ( 11 ) of these programmes and up to 85% of "quitters" go ( 12 ) to their smoking habits. Drop ( 13 ) in smoking is visible but insufficient. Members of the family and friends as well as other "quitters" can help smokers stay ( 14 ) cigarettes. The best way is keeping young people ( 15 ) of cigarette smoking at all. A traditional programme explains to the young people the long-term health risks of smoking. Yet, many teenagers put these gloomy warnings ( 16 ) of their minds and carry ( 17 ). Another approach is teaching children how to stand ( 18 ) despite social pressure and turn ( 19 ) from making the first puff. Teenagers learn how to turn ( 20 ) the offer of a cigarette. As a result of such training, many make ( 21 ) their mind not to smoke and do not take ( 22 ) smoking as an attractive "grown-up" thing to do. Fewer young people decide to take ( 23 ) smoking and many more stay ( 24 ) of the habit.
8.1.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write in the space provided a free version of what you have read. Focus on using phrasal verbs.
History books often say that Anglo-Saxons turning up on the British Isles from continental Europe were looking down on Britons and drove them out from England. New scientific research brings round new evidence that Anglo-Saxons did not take over the native population in England as history books carry on saying. Areas in England took in very few Anglo-Saxon invaders, which runs against many historical accounts. Chemical analysis of human teeth from a Medieval cemetery in Yorkshire came at only few individuals of continental origin. These findings turn down the theory that introduction of Anglo-Saxon culture and language into Britain came through a large-scale replacement of native population by invading tribes. Many cultural practices from continental Europe were taken up but not many invaders actually came down to England. Many scientists now hold to the theory that there was a small-scale immigration from continental Europe and that the existing British population did not come up against the customs of these outsiders and chose to keep up with Europe. They gave in, giving up some of their traditions and putting up with the new culture. Opposition to invaders soon wore down. Eventually, continental European culture went down with the local British people and nobody held on driving Britons out of their land on a large scale. The Anglo-Saxons supposedly were carrying on with migration into Britain from the fifth century pulling in to the British Isles. Their culture and language was setting on and has long formed the basis for En
Advise, allow, convince, enable, encourage, forbid, force, invite, order, persuade, tell, warn, demand
After "make", "let", "have", modal verbs