Which technological developments in 15th Century Europe made the Renaissance and Reformation possible?

Magneticcompass:

· navigationacrosstheGlobemadepeoplequestiontheirowntraditionsandrevealtheerrorsoftheancientgeographers =>peoplenowhad a newsenseoftheirowncompetenceandevensuperiority

· politicalandeconomicexpansion

Gunpowder:

§ demiseofthemedievalfeudalstructures

§ increaseofthestatepower

§ empowermentofsecularforcesagainsttheCatholicChurch

Mechanicalclock:

· changedthehuman'srelationshipwithnaturerhythms, therefore, itsattitudetowork;

· almosteverymechanism'sprototype;

· aconceptofhowhumanbody, brainandnature work

· nature is seen as a mechanism (is not longer operated by Gods) => emergence of deism – notion of a God as a watch-maker, belief that God has created this perfect mechanism (world), but doesn’t intervene into it and people’s lives

Printingpress:

§ democratizationofknowledge,

§ mindindependenceofpeople,

§ increaseofliteracy,

§ growthofindividualism (becauseoftheindividual, noncommunalformsofcommunicationandexperience)

2.What is ‘Renaissance Humanism’, and what is a ‘Renaissance Man’?

Humanism – valuinghumanpotentialandcharacteristics (unlikethemedievalChristianidealinwhichpersonalidentitywaslargelyabsorbedinthecollectiveChristianbodyofsouls)

Emergenceof a newwayofthinking, outlook:

«expansive, rebellious, energeticandcreative, individualistic, ambitiousandoftenunscrupulous, curious, self-condifent, commitedtothislifeandthisworld, open-eyedandskeptical, inspiredandinspirited»

+ decompartmentalization – nostrictdevisionsbetweendifferentrealmsofhumanknowledge; fullydevelopedmanwaspraised (example: LeonardodaVinci – anartistand a scientist)

^thesearebasicallythecharacteristicsof a RenaissanceMan

3.What are the main principles of Protestantism put forward by Luther, and what do they suggest about the relationship of the individual to God?

Sola – only

Sola Scriptura

· the Bible contains all necessary knowledge for Christians, it is the only authority

· therefore, the believes in purgatory, papal infallibility, transubstantiation and clerical celibacy are NOT held in Protestantism

Justification by faith alone (Only Faith)

· God will reward you in the afterlife ONLY if you are a believer

· Your deeds during life don’t matter, you shoudn’t do good things just to to go to the heaven

Priesthoodofallbelievers (OnlyGrace)

· Youdontneed a priesttobe a middlemanbetweentheGodandyou

· Directrelationshipwith God, no spiritual authority

· Exampleof individualism

(Корягин и Саймон говорили об этом, но в тексте это не выделяется как отдельная идея)

Vocation (Calling)

Everyday life and job are spiritually important

This principle is behind the Protestants’ work ethic – it is good to work hard

What connections, if any, are there between the Renaissance and the Reformation?

Culturalchange, theemergenceof a newwayofthinking, especiallyindividualism (describedabove), secularizationoftheChurchandgeographicaldiscoveries (thatshowedpeopleotherreligions) causedthebeginningoftheReformation

AstheproximatecauseoftheReformationwasthepapacy'sattempttofinancethebuldingSaintPeter'sBasilicabysellingindulgences (theremissionofpunishmentfor a sinafterguilthadbeensacramentallyforgiven), peopleoftheRenaissancewiththeirnewwayofthinking (individualism, especially) reactedwiththeemergenceoftheReformation

Plus, printingpress (a developmentbroughtintouseduringtheRenaissance) madethespreadofProtestantismeasier

How did the Catholic Church react to the spread of Protestantism?

At first, Martin Luther’s revolt was considered another “monk’s quarrel” and the response to it was long delayed.

After 3 years after the Ninety-Five Theses were posted, Luther received the papal bull to sumbit, and publicly burned it.

Then an imperial ban on Luther as a heretic was placed, yet Luther’s theological insurgency rapidly expanded (as it was empowered by German princes and knights)

In the end, the Counter-Reformation was started by the Catholic Church. With inquisitions and spiritual teachers (Jesuits) travelling all over the world, it attempted to fight against Protestant influence and to prevent people from becoming Protestants.

What ultimately were the political and economic consequences of the Reformation?

Secularism, poweroftheChurchwentdown

Brutalwarsthatlastedforyears (also called “wars of religion”)

Arrangementoftolerationthatendedthewars

The Catholic Church was very corrupted at that time and increased its selling of indulgences (theremissionofpunishmentfor a sinafterguilthadbeensacramentallyforgiven) to finance the building of St. Peter’s Basilica

This, of course, seemed immoral to people and in 1517 Martin Luther (an Augustinian monk) published the Ninety-five Theses (the disputationprotests) which were later spread all over the Europe

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 1245