Culture is the way we do things around here. The “here” may be a country, a region, a social class, a company.
UNIT I
1. Study the following.
Adjectives for countries and nationalities.
I come from…
England
Italy
Portugal
Sweden
I speak…
English
Italian
Portuguese
Swedish
I am…
English
Italian
Portuguese
Swedish
I am a(n)…
Englishman / woman
Italian
Portuguese
Swede
I like the…
English
Italians
Portuguese
Swedes
There are three ways to form adjectives of nationality and names of the inhabitants of the country:
1. Spain: That man is Spanish; he is a Spaniard.
2. France: That man is French; he is a Frenchman.
3. Germany: That man is German; he is an German.
The most common suffixes for nationalities and the adjectives from countries are:
-an
-ian
-ean
-ish
-ese
-i
If you want to talk about the people of a country, you add the to make the plural: “I like the English / the French / the Portuguese.”
Words with endings -an, -ian, -ean make the plural adding an s: the Americans / Italians / Koreans.
Words ending in -ese don’t add an s in plural forms: the Lebanese / Japanese.
If the national adjective ends in -sh, you add man or woman when you talk about one particular person: “I’m an Englishman / Frenchman / Dutchman”.
Some countries have a special word for their inhabitants: Sweden – a Swede, Spain – a Spaniard, Denmark – a Dane, Finland – a Finn. All these add an s to make the plural: the Swedes, Spaniards, Danes, Finns.
The name for an inhabitant in Britain is usually avoided and the adjective is used instead: “I’m British”. However, you sometimes hear the words Britisher or Briton.
Country
Adjective of nationality
Inhabitant
Russia
Great Britain
England
Scotland
Wales
Ireland
Switzerland
Sweden
Finland
Norway
Denmark
The Netherlands (Holland)
Italy
France
Belgium
Germany
Spain
Portugal
Malta
Greece
Bulgaria
Romania
Hungary
Poland
Czech Republic
The Ukraine
Georgia
Lithuania
Croatia
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Austria
Australia
Iceland
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Israel
Iraq
Pakistan
Oman
Kuwait
Bahrain
Yemen
Bangladesh
Syria
Iran
Persia
Afghanistan
The Lebanon
Jordan
Nepal
India
China
Taiwan
Thailand
Burma (now Myanmar)
Vietnam
Cambodia
Laos
Korea
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Japan
Senegal
Sudan
Algeria
Egypt
Tunisia
Morocco
Libya
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Angola
Congo
South Africa
The USA
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Paraguay
Chile
Uruguay
Peru
Nicaragua
Russian
British
English
Scottish
Welsh
Irish
Swiss
Swedish
Finnish
Norwegian
Danish
Dutch
Italian
French
Belgian
German
Spanish
Portuguese
Maltese
Greek
Bulgarian
Romanian
Hungarian
Polish
Czech
Ukrainian
Georgian
Lithuanian
Croatian
Austrian
Australian
Icelandic
Turkish
Saudi (Arabian)
Israeli
Iraqui (Iraqi)
Pakistani
Omani
Kuwaiti
Bahraini
Yemeni
Bangladeshi
Syrian
Iranian
Persian
Afghan
Lebanese
Jordanian
Nepalese
Indian
Chinese
Taiwanese
Thai
Burmese
Vietnamese
Cambodian
Laotian
Korean
Indonesian
Malaysian
New Zealand
Japanese
Senegalese
Sudanese
Algerian
Egyptian
Tunisian
Moroccan
Libyan
Nigerian
Ethiopian
Angolan
Congolese
South African
American
Canadian
Mexican
Brazilian
Argentinean
Paraguayan
Chilean
Uruguayan
Peruvian
Nicaraguan
a Russian
a Briton
an Englishman
a Scot, Scotsman
a Welshman
an Irishman
a Swiss
a Swede
a Finn
a Norwegian
a Dane
a Dutchman
an Italian
a Frenchman
a Belgian
a German
a Spaniard
a Portuguese
a Maltese
a Greek
a Bulgarian
a Romanian
a Hungarian
a Pole
a Czech
a Ukrainian
a Georgian
a Lithuanian
a Croatian
a Luxembourger
a Liechtensteiner
an Austrian
an Australian
an Icelander
a Turk
a Saudi (Arabian)
an Israeli
an Iraqui (Iraqi)
a Pakistani
an Omani
a Kuwaiti
a Bahraini
a Yemeni
a Bangladeshi
a Syrian
an Iranian
a Persian
an Afghan
a Lebanese
a Jordanian
a Nepalese
an Indian
a Chinese
a Taiwanese
a Thai (the Thais)
a Burmese
a Vietnamese
a Cambodian
a Laotian
a Korean
an Indonesian
a Malaysian
a New Zealander
a Japanese
a Senegalese
a Sudanese
an Algerian
an Egyptian
a Tunisian
a Moroccan
a Libyan
a Nigerian
a Ethiopian
an Angolan
a Congolese
a South African
an American
a Canadian
a Mexican
a Brazilian
an Argentinean
a Paraguayan
a Chilean
an Uruguayan
a Peruvian
a Nicaraguan
2. What are the adjectives from these countries?
China
Kuwait
Belgium
the Ukraine
Israel
Pakistan
Sweden
the Lebanon
Switzerland
Thailand
Wales
Spain
Sudan
Ireland
Peru
Germany
Italy
Morocco
South Africa
Singapore
Kenya
3. What nationality are most people living in the following countries?
the Netherlands
Czech Republic
the Lebanon
Greece
Japan
Venezuela
Saudi Arabia
Mexico
Lithuania
Peru
Turkey
Chile
Britain
Ireland
Denmark
Hungary
Canada
Egypt
Finland
France
the USA
Sweden
Malta
Switzerland
Spain
Iceland
Brazil
Malaysia
4. Each of the sentences has a nationality word missing. Add the missing words.
1. He is from Copenhagen, so I guess he speaks … .
2. They live in Austria, so they speak … .
3. He is from New Zealand, so he is … .
4. If he comes from Cairo, he must be … .
5. If she lives in Paris, she must be … .
6. If they live in Brussels, my guess is that they’re … .
7. If he lives in Warsaw, I expect he’s … .
8. If she comes from Rome, she’s … , I suppose.
9. They live in Vienna, so they are … , I guess.
10. He works in Tokyo, so I presume he’s … .
11. As she’s from Budapest, I presume she’s … .
12. His home town is Sidney; he is …, my guess.
13. If he comes from Toronto, he probably speaks … .
14. If they live in San Paulo, they’re probably … .
15. As they live in Athens, I think they’re … .
16. He lives in Beijing, so presumably he’s … .
17. If she is from Bangkok, she must be … .
18. Her home town is Amsterdam, so I guess she’s … .
19. Their head office is in Madrid: they are a … firm.
20. If they work in Kuala Lumpur, I expect they’re … .
21. He has a house in Istanbul, so he must be … .
22. If they come from Edinburgh, they’re both … .
23. If he is from Lima, I suppose he’s … .
24. She lives in Buenos Aires, she is … .
25. The headquarters of the company are in Munich, so they are a … company.
5. ABC group is an international operation. Choose the correct expressions to describe its different locations.
We have operations in:
1. Berlin in
2. Nottingham in
3. Naples in
4. Prague in
5. Seoul in
6. Bangkok in
7. New Delhi in
8. California on
9. San Francisco in
10. Boston on
11. Iowa City in
12. Kuwait in
13. Nigeria in
East Germany / the Eastern part of Germany
the English Midlands / Middle England
Southern Italy / South of Italy
Central Europe / the Centre of Europe
the Far East / Far East
South East Asia / the South Eastern Asia
the Indian continent / the Indian subcontinent
the Pacific Edge / the Pacific Rim
the West Coast / the Western Coast
the Eastern Coast / the Eastern Seaboard
the Mid-East / the Mid-West
the Mid-East / the Middle East
Western Africa / West Africa
6. Match the words from each list below to make as many sentences as you can. You will have to transform the names of the countries into adjectives of nationality.
Philips
BBC
Fiat
IBM
BASF
Carlsberg
IKEA
Evian
Tissot
Samsung
JAL
Cadiz
Denmark
France
Netherlands
USA
UK
Switzerland
Spain
South Korea
Japan
Germany
Italy
Sweden
furniture retailer
airline
computer company
beer
watch
mineral water
electrotechnical products
car manufacturer
chemical company
electronics company
seaport
television channel
