PUBLIC TRANSPORT

1. Which means of transport is the most popular in your country for travelling:

to work? on business trips? on holidays?

2. Is it the same in cities like London or New York? What about some other cities abroad that you visited?

3. Why do people choose these different forms of transport?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of travelling around the city by car / bus / tram / motorbike / underground, etc.?

5. Which one do you choose going to the university?

6. Which do you think is the most advisable form of transport in a city during rush hours? Think about the cost, problems, convenience, etc.

Public transport is the central plank of any sustainable transport policy. Many environmental and social problems are caused by our dependence on the car and subsequent rising traffic levels. But if more people are to use public transport for more journeys we need to see a substantial change in the quality and quantity of services.

In a modern world people need to travel and indeed the ability to travel opens up many wonderful opportunities. But if we are all going to enjoy the benefits of travel, we have to tackle how we travel. In part that means rethinking what sort of journeys actually need to be made. It also means encouraging walking or cycling, and fundamentally it means making a shift from private to public transport: to trains, buses and trams. How many times have we sat in, or walked, or cycled past a traffic jam and counted how many cars are occupied only by the driver? This is not a rational way of getting from A to B. There are four main reasons why people in most situations, given a choice between private and public transport, opt for the private car. Once a car has been purchased, taxed and insured there is a strong incentive to use it for as many journeys as possible. The user accounts for the journey costs purely in terms of the fuel used. This may not seem fair when comparing costs of motoring with costs of using public transport but it is a fact of life which must be accepted.

Public transport is perceived by the average citizen as being very inferior to the car as a means of travel. In terms of flexibility and convenience, the car has the major advantage of direct control by the user. The journey can be planned without reference to a fixed route or a timetable. Given the constraints of road layouts and the availability of parking spaces, the car owner can choose the most convenient route, gain door-to-door travel and set off at a time of the owner's choosing. Even when held up by congestion certain flexibility is retained because it may be possible to switch to an alternative route. Where this is not possible, the comfort of the car makes waiting in a traffic jam more tolerable than on public transport.

As car interiors have become more refined, with better seating, ventilation and sound proofing, and more extras such as cassette players, the level of comfort throughout the journey is much higher in a car than on public transport. The most important advantage is the undoubtedly shorter journey times offered by the car door-to-door. The exception to this rule is where the journey is very short, making walking quicker, or where origin and destination are very close to public transport links. In general car speeds can be as much as two and a half times faster than a bus. The bus has to stop and pick up / set down passengers and road improvements generally favour the car. In order to encourage people out of cars and onto trains, buses and trams, public transport should be made more competitive with the car.

7. Answer the following questions:

a) Most of the cars in traffic jam ‘are occupied only by one driver’. Why isn’t it ‘a rational way of getting from A to B’?

b) Why do so many people favour private cars over public transport?

c) What could be done to make people use public transport instead of their cars?

d) What is door-to-door travel?

8. One of the suggestions discussed in debate on public transport concerns charging drivers in cities to prevent them from driving in the city centers. Read the sentences below and decide which of them are for and against the idea. Which of them do you agree with?

Should the public be charged to drive in cities?

a) It will make people think about alternatives before they drive into cities.

b) It is the only way to reduce traffic.

c) Business will be badly affected.

d) It will lead to more congestion and pollution in other areas.

e) Most car journeys are short, so people could walk or cycle instead.

f) People will just pay and grumble. It won’t stop them driving.

g) If traffic is reduced it will make city streets much nicer places to be.

h) It would generate income that could be spent on green transport schemes.

i) Pollution in inner cities (an area near a centre of a large city where a lot of social problems exist) is a big problem so any incentive to leave the car behind would help.

j) Public transport isn’t cheap or convenient enough to replace cars – for many journeys there is no alternative.

9. Find ten words in the word square and match them with their definitions.

a) A set of plans, actions, agreed on by a government, political party, etc. – p __________

b) Relating to society and to people’s lives – s __________

c) A situation in which you need sb or sth in order to live or succeed – d __________

d) A high standard – q __________

e) The amount of something – q __________

f) Something you are capable of doing – a __________

g) Travelling from one place to another – j __________

h) Chances to do something – o __________

i) Going on foot – w __________

j) Going by bicycle – c __________

10. Use the words from Exercise 3 to complete the sentences below. You may need to change the form of some words.

Example: CYCLING is Europe’s second most popular sport.

a) They try to address __________ problems such as unemployment and poor health.

b) Tiredness can seriously impair your __________ to drive.

c) I think this trip sounds like a wonderful __________.

d) We went ___________ in the Malvern Hills.

e) We offer our customers a __________ product at a reasonable price.

f) What’s the party’s __________ on immigration?

g) Saturated facts can be bad for your health if consumed in large __________.

h) The main topic of the conference was the __________ of Europe on imported foods.

i) They went on a long train __________ across India.

11. Find the words in the text that have opposite meaning to the following:

a) Private - __________. b) Superior - __________.

c) Minor - __________. d) Flexible - __________.

e) Fixed - __________.

12. Match the words that have a similar meaning:

13. Complete the sentences below with the words from the exercises above.

a) This model is technically s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to its competitors.

b) Human beings are infinitely _ _ _ _ _ _ l _ and able to adjust when survival depends on it.

c) Please ensure that you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e your ticket in advance.

d) The media has a powerful influence on _ _ _ _ i _ opinion.

e) The sign said, ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ e property. Keep out.’

f) There have been some problems but _ a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it’s a good system.

g) Age is a _ a _ _ _ factor affecting chances of employment.

h) How do you _ _ _ o _ _ _ for the film’s success?

i) Some _ _ _ _ r changes may be necessary.

j) The new tax should act as a s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ to exports.

14. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in capitals.

15. Complete each sentence with a word from the list, which presents different traffic participants.

Example: The company chairman has a Rolls-Royce driven by a chauffer.

a) When my car broke down, a passing __________ towed it to the garage.

b) Tony was given a parking ticket by a __________.

c) John works as a _________ in a local garage.

d) There isn’t a __________ on this bus, you pay the driver.

e) David is a keen __________ and rides his bike to work every day.

f) The police asked me to describe the __________ of the car.

g) The car mounted the pavement and injured a __________.

h) Before take-off, the __________ told me to fasten my seat belt.

16. Put adjectives into the correct form (Degrees of Comparison).

a) The …… (long) I think of this car, the …… (much) I like it.

b) It is …… (good) to get there by the underground than by bus.

c) Automotive design is …… (interesting) subject at our university.

d) The …… (short) the lever, the …… (great) effort you need to lift the weight.

e) He is …… (good) student in our group. He managed to enter this university without any difficulty and passes all his exams easily.

f) The bus system is …… (reliable) in London than in Kyiv and the streets are …… (clean).

g) A design goal may range from solving …… (little) significant individual problem of …… (small) element to …… (influential) goals.

h) To achieve …… (elegant) and stylish look, a designer uses …… (expensive) materials.

i) Is this brand as …… (famous) as that one?

j) Do you have …… (much) or …… (little) free time now than you had last year? What is …… (interesting) thing that you like to do?

17. What can you tell about Kyiv city transport system? What kind of transport is used most frequently? Are you satisfied with its work? What can be done to make our public transport system better and help city-dwellers?

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 1918