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Lecture 1FLT Methodology as a Science.Underwater holiday resorts. Vertical farms in the middle of New York. Bionic buildings. These are just a few examples of the buildings of tomorrow. But what are they all about? The complex will be 20-metres underwater and will have 220 suites, plus restaurants, a shopping mall, cinemas and a missile-defence system – just in case. All in all, it’ll cover an area of 300,000 square metres. Of course, it goes without saying that all guests will have incredible views of the ocean floor. The owners are even in talks with Disney to bring a fully underwater production of The Little Mermaid to the hotel’s lobby. Unfortunately, construction of the hotel hasn’t been going too well. The hotel was due to open in 2006 but was delayed due to environmental concerns. Some experts have predicted that the resort will affect tides, which could lead to floods and the beaching of whales and other sea-mammals. Let’s hope not, because that might put a bit of a “dampener” on all the fun.
But that’s nothing compared to Vincent Callebaut’s fully-functioning, 128-floor vertical farm in New York. The 700-metre structure would be spread across two towers which would be joined by a huge greenhouse built of glass and steel. The design is inspired by the exoskeleton of a dragonfly wing. Inside, there would be offices, houses, laboratories, farming space and even areas dedicated to rearing livestock. The building would be able to produce its own food, including vegetables, meat, poultry and dairy products. If it ever happens,“The Dragonfly” would be a unique addition to the New York skyline, and would take the concept of “bionic buildings” to a whole new level. Whatever next? Now we haven’t even talked about the projects for whole cities in the sky, and skyscrapers that can change shape. Oh well, next time! Lecture 1FLT Methodology as a Science.
The word ‘method’ means a way of doing something. The word method has two meanings: 1) a branch of science 2) a way of teaching. Methodology of FLT – is a science which studies aims of teaching, content of teaching, methods, means and principles of teaching. FLT Methodology has undergone many changes in the course of its development. There were different methods, trends, aims of teaching, content of teaching, different techniques, devices and approaches of teaching. FLTM is a young developing science and it is challenging too. Some specialists say that it is rather an art than a science (scientific art). There were opinions according with which FLTM is an Applied science. Methodology deals with 3 problems, which constitute WHY? ( aims) WHAT? (content) HOW? ( method). They are closely connected. Approach - is a strategy of teaching FL. There are 4 approaches in FLTM: behaviorism (based on intuition) inductive - conscious (based on consciousness) cognitive (usage of all cognitive mechanisms) integrative (integration of previous 3 approaches ). Learning theories and approaches. Behaviourism. In a book called Verbal Behaviour, the psychologist Skinner applied this theory of conditioning to the way humans acquire their first language.Language, he suggested, is a form of behaviour. (It is because we are Cognitivism. The term cognitivism (sometimes referred to as mentalism) refers to a group of psychological theories which draw heavily on the work in linguistics of Humanistic approach to language teaching emphasized the value of developing whole learner's personality, socialization of an individual in a group, creative activities with music, arts etc. It was further developed in community language teaching. The method was based on counseling techniques (Curran, C. 1976. Counseling-Learning: A Whole Person Model for Education. N.Y.) Counseling (advising) is giving support to another person. This method was described as humanistic with self-actualization and self-esteem of the learners. Humanistic approach advocated “non-conflict”, “non-judgement” and “empathy” in the relations of the teacher and learners. The importance of the humanistic approach lies not just in the effectiveness of language learning but also in the development of the personality. Humanistic approach facilitates self-actualization of learners. This helps them to identify easily with the group. They demonstrate a more accurate perception of the reality. They focus more on the cognitive problems and less on themselves. These learners possess the capacity for peak experiences (through love, music, art, nature etc.) and a greater aptitude for empathy with other people. Pre-communication methods. The way towards communicative teaching has been a long and controversial one with advances and set backs. The focus of attention was gradually shifting from the language as a systematic code to the language as a means of communication with the search for an effective method of instruction and consideration of the learner’s personality. Grammar translation (H.Olendorf) included detailed analysis of grammar rules, translating sentences and texts into and out of the target language, memorizing rules and manipulating morphology and syntax, reading and writing. Direct method (M.Berlitz) encouraged the use of foreign language in the classroom. Classroom teaching was conducted in the target language only. Learning process was mostly based on imitation and memorization. Oral approach or situational language teaching (Palmer, H. 1940. The Teaching of Oral English. Longman) was based on selection and organization of the “situations”. "Situations" were organized with the use of concrete things and pictures. They were used to introduce the new grammar structures. Audio-lingual method (Fries, Ch. 1945. Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language. University of Michigan Press) applied the principles of structural linguistics to language teaching. Pattern practice became a basic classroom technique. Audio-lingual method was the combination of structural linguistic theory and fundamentals of behaviorism (stimulus, response, reinforcement). This method made constant drilling of the students followed by Community Language Learning, based on the educational movement of counseling learning, attempts to give students only the language they need. Ideally students sit in a circle outside of which is a 'knower' who will help them Intensification tendency. Total Physical Response (TPR) is the combination in the teaching method of speech and action (Asher, J. 1969. The total physical response approach to second language learning. Modern Language Journal. 53:3-17). The method combined verbal repetition with motor activities. The Silent Way (Gategno, C. 1972. Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools: The Silent Way. N.Y.) was based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom, while the learners will produce more language. A typical feature of the Silent Way is the use of color charts and rods as memorable images and signals to help in verbal responses. The Silent Way developed by Caleb Gattegno is marked by the fact Suggestopedy (Lozanov, G. 1978. Suggestology and Outlines of Suggestopedy. N.Y.) aimed at optimizing learning by music and rhythm, authoritative teacher's behavior and physical and psychological relaxation. Suggestopaedia is a methodology developed by Lozanov in which Task-based learning. Many methodologists have concentrated not so much on the nature of language input, but on the learning tasks that students are involved in. There In the 1970s the British applied linguist Allwright conducted an Allwright's experiment took place at the University of Essex where a
Date: 2014-12-22; view: 5352
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