Table 4.1

Comparative characteristics of monocots and dicots

Summary and test questions

Test questions - 1

1. In what ways are green algae and modern land plants similar?

2. Why is lignin important for the survival of modern land plants?

3. What limitations do bryophytes have due to the fact that the structure of the plant has no vascular tissue?

4. Importance of mosses.

5. What are antheridia and archegonia?

6. Life cycle of mosses.

Test questions - 2

1. What is the main difference between the structures of ferns and mosses?

2. What does the body of ferns consist of?

3. Why ferns can survive outside the water?

4. What is peculiarity of the life cycle of ferns?

5. Structure of spore-bearing organs and peculiarity of gametophyte.

Test questions - 3

1. What are peculiarities of seed plants reproduction?

2. What are main differences between Gymnosperms and Angiospems?

3. What do you know about Conifers?

4. What do you know about Gnetales?

5. What do you know about Ginkgoes?

6. What do you know about Cycads?

Test questions - 4

1. Physical structure.

2. What kinds of plant tissues do you know?

3. Reproductions from Roots, Leaves and Stems.

4. Angiosperm life cycle.

5. Cortex.

6. What are main differences between monocots and dicots?

ZOOLOGY

Outline: The basis of modern zoology; Philum Protozoa: classification, structure, reproduction; common characteristics of main representatives of phylum Protista; special features of the structure; different ways of reproduction, introducing the Invertebrates, Phylum Sponges, general characteristics of main representatives of Phylum Coelenterata, the specialities of structure and feeding, schemes of development and reproduction, spreading and role in nature, Phylum Plathelminthes: flatworms. Phylum Nemathelminthes: roundworms. Phylum Annelids: segmented worms. General characteristics, specialities of structure, feeding and reproduction. The variety of parasitic worms and fighting against them; the general characteristics and classification of Molluscs. The specialities of structure and living of Molluscs, their role in nature and human life; General characteristics, specialities of morphology and physiology, reproduction and scheme of development; the variety of Phylum Arthropoda and their ecological importance; general characteristics of Chordata and Vertebrata. The systematization of fishes, general characteristics, internal skeleton, circulatory system, nervous system, reproduction, development, physiology and fish behavior, environmental factors; General characteristics and representatives of Amphibians. Outer and inner structure of Anura, Urodela and Apoda. Physiology and behavior of main representatives of Amphibians; General characteristics of reptiles and their representatives. Outer and inner structure. Physiology and behavior; general characteristics of birds class; organs and systems structures; season phenomena in birds’ lives and their adaptation to different conditions of life, migrations; General features and class systematization; characteristics of organs and systems, reproduction and development; mammals’ role in nature and human life; problems of animals’ protection; seasonal phenomena in the mammals’ life, their behavior and taking care of the young.

Zoology is a branch of general biology. Zoology is a science, which studies animals, their structure, functions, levels of organization, peculiarities of their lifestyles. Animals can be found in various habitats: water, land and air. Animals are of great importance. Along with other living organisms they participate in general biosphere processes, which provide biological life cycle of matter. As the greater part of animals are consumers of organic matter, they make the biological processes quicker and contribute to spreading organic matter and energy in biosphere.

Defining zoology as a science we should admit that the purpose of zoology is a wide study of animals – their structure, way of living, growth, practical use. We need to know what animals and with what purpose are held by people, and which of them can do harm to nature and people. If we know zoology well we can use useful animals and fight with harmful ones.

It is very interesting to speak about common features and differences of animals and plants. They have common ancestry, so they have a lot in common in their structure and way of living. Both of them consist of cells and have the same chemical composition. Besides, the substance exchange, heredity, variability, irritation and many other things may be named as the common features of plants and animals.

But they have some differences, too. They are nutrition pattern, stages of growth. Besides, animals don’t have some systems of organs. So, to know this you should study zoology.

Like all other protists, the animal-like protists are made of only one cell and have a nucleus. But they do not have a cell wall, they are not green and they cannot make their own food.

Animals are many-celled heterotrophs. They depend directly or indirectly on their nourishment of land plants or algae. Most digest their food in an internal cavity, and most store their food as glycogen or fat. Their cells do not have walls. Most move by means of contractile cells (muscle cells) containing characteristic proteins. Reproduction is usually sexual. Most are fixed in adult size and shape, in contrast to the plants, in which growth often continues for the lifetime of the organism. The higher animals – the arthropods and the vertebrates – are the most complex of all organisms, with many kinds of specialized tissues, including elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanisms not found in any of the other kingdoms.

More than 90% of the different species of animals are invertebrates, that is, animals without backbones and most of these are insects.

The invertebrates are also of great ecological importance, particularly the insects.

There are seven classes of vertebrata: the fish (comprising three classes), the amphibians, the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.

Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system that is quite different from the open circulatory system of insects and other invertebrates. In vertebrates a complex heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through tube blood vessels. Vertebrates’ hearts are not the same. For example, a fish’s heart has two chambers. Amphibians’ heart has three chambers. Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts.

Vertebrates have well-developed nervous system. The nervous system includes a spinal cord, nerves, and the brain. Vertebrates also have well-developed sense organs, such as eyes and ears. Nerve carries signals from sense organs to the brain. Vertebrates are constantly receiving and reacting to messages about their surroundings. The brain of vertebrates is larger and more developed than the brains of animals without backbone.

The phylum Chordata comprises three subphyla: the Cephalochordata, or lancelets, which includes Amphioxus; the Tunicata, or tunicates, of which the most familiar are the sea squirts; and the Vertebrata, or vertebrates.

Chordates are animals having at some stage a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a hollow nerve cord on the dorsal side.

The second chordate characteristic is the nerve cord, a hollow tube that runs beneath the dorsal surface of the animal above the notochord.

The third chordate characteristic is a pharynx with gill slits. The pharyngeal gill slits become highly developed in fishes, in which they serve a respiratory function, and traces of them remain even in the human embryo.

The fourth characteristic is a tail, block of muscles around an axial skeleton posterior to the anus.

Man is one of a small minority of chordates that do not have a tail.

Date: 2014-12-22; view: 959