THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1) In a fortnight’s time we … (pass) our exams. 2) I … (finish) this book by tomorrow evening. 3) By the end of next year I … (be) here twenty-five years. 4) By next winter they … (build) four houses in that field. 5) By the end of the university course I … (attend) 1,200 lectures. 6) By the end of the term I … (read) all the books on the list. 7) He … (finish) the building of the house before summer. 8) After this performance I … (see) ‘Hamlet’ twenty-two times. 9) I hope you … (not) forget all about the Future Perfect Tense by the next lesson.

Exercise 14. Supply the future perfect or the future continuous.

1) They …… (complete) the new bridge by the end of the year. 2) When I get home my dog …… (sit) at the door waiting for me. 3) She …… (leave) for work before the children get home from school. 4) They …… (finish) work on the great dam by the end of this decade. 5) I’ll still be here next summer but Tom …… (leave). 6) When Alex arrives, Jim …… (go) to bed. 7) Before the end of his holiday he …… (spend) all his money. 8) I …… (wait) for you when you come out.

UNIT 4

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINLOUS TENSE

Exercise 1. Read the situation and make up a sentence with the present perfect continuous.

Example: Tom is out of breath. (he/run) …… He has been running.

1) Ann is very tired (she / work / hard) …………all day long. 2) The castle is very old. (it / stand / on that hill / for 900 years) ………… 3) Janet is hot and tired. (she / play / tennis) ………… for two hours. 4) Mike has just come from the beach. He is very red (he / lie/ in the sun) …… all morning. 5) You see a little boy. His eyes are red and watery. (he / cry) …… .

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions yourself, then ask your classmates:

1) How ling have you been studying English? 2) How long have you been living here? 3) How long have you been studying at the University? 4) How long have you been reading the book?

Exercise 3. Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1) Look! Somebody … (break) the window. 2) I wonder if John (forget) my number. I … (expect) him to call for the past two hours. 3) You look very upset What … (happen)? 4) You … (not / finish) that book yet? You … (read) it since Monday. 5) The meat must be nearly ready. I … (cook) it for nearly an hour. 6) What you ... (do) for the last two hours? - I ... (sit) here working at this problem.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Exercise 4. Make up sentences using the verbs in brackets:

1) When I came to see Ann she (to learn the new words) for two hours. 2) When I went out it (to rain) for several hours. 3) When he entered the hall his boss (lo make a report) for hair an hour already. 4) She (to study English) for three months when we met at the Foreign Language Centre).

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Exercise 5. Supply the Future Perfect Continuous tense.

1) By the end of this week I ... (wait) seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired. 2) Do you realize that on August 15, we … (live) in this house for fifty years? 3) We ... (fly) non-stop for fourteen hours before we get to Calcutta. 4) By this lime next week I ... (work) on this book for a year. 5) By Monday I ... (stay) here for two weeks. 6) By breakfast time he ... (sleep) for ten hours.

UNIT 5

REVISION OF TENSES

Exercise 1. Choose the right tenses.

The Little Girl and the Wolf.

One afternoon a big wolf … (to wait) in a dark forest for a little girl to come along carrying a basket of food to her grandmother. He (to wait) for an hour and a half and was about to loose his patience. Finally a little girl did come along and she … (to carry) a basket of food. ‘(to carry) that basket to your grandmother?’ asked the wolf. The little girl said yes, she was. So the wolf … (ask) her where her mother (to live) and the little girl … (to tell) him and he ... (disappear) into the wood.

When the little girl ... (to open) the door of her grandmother’s house she … (to understand) that something (to happen). There (to be) somebody in bed with a nightcap and nightgown on. She … (to approach) no nearer than twenty-five feet from the bed when she ... (to see) that it was not her grandmother but the wolf, for even in a nightcap a wolf (not to look) in the least like anybody’s grandmother. So the little girl ... (to lake) an automatic pistol out of her basket and … (to shoot) the wolf dead.

Moral: It is not so easy to fool little girls nowadays as it used to be.

UNIT 6

MODAL VERBS

Exercise 1. Complete the sentence using can or be able to.

George has travelled a lot. He …… speak four languages.

I haven’t …… sleep very well recently.

I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never .….. understand him.

I used to …… stand on my head but I can’t do it now.

Ask Ann about your problem. She should …… help you.

You …... see the sea from our bedroom.

You haven’t …… speak English well yet.

Tom .….. drive but he hasn’t got a car.

Spring is coming: you .….. see snowdrops in all the gardens.

I …… smell something burning. What do you think it is?

We need some more oil. - O.K. I …… let you have some this week.

We can use ...... if we are deciding now what to do in the future.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with could or was / were able to.

When Tom was 16, he .….. run 100 metres in 11 seconds.

The fire spread through the building quickly but everyone ...... escape.

My grandfather …… speak five languages.

He …... play tennis very well when he was younger.

They didn’t want to come with us at first but in the end we ...… persuade them.

The boy fell into the river but fortunately we …… rescue him.

It was difficult but they ..…. find our house.

…… you read when you were four?

He ...... already walk when he was ten months old.

He ...... repair the car but it took him a long time.

Through my study window I …… see mountains.

I ……speak French really well when I lived in Paris.

Exercise 3. Comment on the meaning of could.

1. Could you call me tonight?

2. We could hear nothing but the wind and the noise of the roaring sea.

3. She couldn’t have misunderstood you.

4. He couldn’t understand the story, as he didn’t know many of the new words.

5. I think you can try to make him change his behaviour.

6. Could you switch on the light, please? It has become dark in the room.

7. He could read and write at the age of five.

8. Could this story be true?

9. Could you start cooking supper now, please?

10. Could I speak to Jane, if she is there?

11. He opened his eyes, but to his horror be could see nothing.

12. Could I have a look at your newspaper?

Exercise 4. Replace can (could) by its substitute be able to in the correct tense, adding the words in brackets.

1. I can give you a book for a couple of days (after I have read it myself).

2. I couldn’t understand the rule (before the teacher explained it to me).

3. You can earn your living (when you learn some trade).

4. She told me she could swim (since she was a child).

5. I think I can speak English quite well (in a few months).

6. He can play the piano (for many years).

7. My mother could make her own clothes (when she was a girl of fifteen).

8. She can’t speak French well (not yet).

9. I don’t believe computers can think better than we do (in a few years).

10. We can travel a lot (one day).

Exercise 5. Change the following sentences into polite requests, using can or could. Comment on the difference.

Switch on the light!

Take my bicycle to the repair-shop!

Tell me the right time!

Pass me the salt!

Book two seats for the Saturday concert!

Fetch me a piece of chalk!

Show us the way to the nearest post-office!

Do some shopping for me!

Tell me when it’s time to go!

Help me for a few minutes!

Exercise 6. To ask for permission to do something you can say:

Can I have...? / Could I have... ? / May I have... ?

Match the questions on the left with the replies to them on the right.

Exercise 7. Change each of the following sentences so as to introduce the word may.

Example: It is possible that he will return later.

He may return later.

It is possible that Jane will be at the meeting tonight.

Perhaps Helen will call you later.

It is possible that Alice is ill.

Possibly the weather will gel warmer tomorrow.

It is possible that she will feel better tomorrow.

Perhaps it will not rain this afternoon.

Perhaps they will enjoy the TV show tonight

Perhaps our hockey team will lose.

It is possible that he will change his mind.

Perhaps this person is an artist.

Exercise 8. Rewrite the following sentences using can, could, may, might.

1. It is possible that he is Italian.

2. Do you know how to play the piano?

3. You are not allowed to speak during the exam.

4. It is not possible that they are still on holiday.

5. You are not allowed to smoke on the plane.

6. It is possible that it will be a nice day tomorrow.

7. He didn’t know how to spell ‘conscious’.

8. Am I allowed to leave the room?

9. I know that isn’t Janet - she is in America.

10. Perhaps the game won’t finish before ten.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences choosing the right word in brackets.

1. You (must, have to) come and have a game of tennis with my son. You will be impressed.

2. The buses were full and we (must, had to) take a taxi.

3. I understand. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) translate.

4. You (must, have to) look both ways before crossing the road.

5. We’ll book a room for you. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) look for a hotel.

6. We’re going by an early flight, so I (must, have to) get up not later than six o’clock tomorrow morning.

7. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) drive so fast, there’s a speed limit here.

8. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) drive so fast, we’ve still got a lot of time.

9. There has been no rain for a week but the forecast says the weather is going to be changeable, so I (must, have to) carry my umbrella all the time.

10. ‘I’m sorry I (must, have to) put off our appointment again. I’ve still got a temperature.’ ‘That’s all right. You (must, have to) stay at home till you fell well enough to go out. Get well!’

Exercise 10. Complete these sentences with needn’t, using the following verbs:

come get tough ring think

worry write phone take try

You ....…..... - my haircut’s not as funny as all that.

You .......….. up yet, because there’s no school today.

He .......….. everything down. Just the name and phone number will do.

She .......….. and see me if she doesn’t want to; I don’t mind.

You ......…... about me. I’m fine.

You ............ I care about you, because I don’t.

Tell him he .......….. the bell; he can just walk straight in.

I’d like to see her today, but it ............ very long.

Just come when you like, any time. You ............ first.

You ........…. to explain. I’m not interested.

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t.

1. ‘Do you want me to wait for you?’ ‘No, it’s okay. You …… wait.’

2. Tom gave me a letter to post. I …… forget to post it.

3. You ..…. come if you don’t want to but I hope you will.

4. ‘What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?’ ‘Well, it …… be big – that’s not important. But it ...… have a nice garden – that’s essential.

5. We have enough food at home so we …… go shopping today.

6. This book is very valuable. You .… look after it very carefully and you ..... lose it.

7. You ...… send a telex. I’ll call them.

8. We’ve still got a lot of time. We …... hurry.

9. At the zoo: Visitors …... feed the animals.

10. Passengers …… lean out of the windows.

11. I’m tired. I ..…. go to bed early.

12. You ......... disturb your sister while she’s is working.

Exercise 12. Read about the situation and write sentences with ought to / ought not to. Some of the sentences are past, and some are present.

Example: Andrew is very upset. You shouted angrily at him.

You ought not to have shouted angrily at him.

Beatrice is in hospital. Her son hasn’t been to see her. He .......…..

I live in York. You went there last week but you didn’t visit me. You .………..

The kids used Chris’s new CD player without his permission. They ....……..

The apple trees have lots of ripe fruit on them but no one can be bothered to pick it so it will be wasted. Someone ...…….

Darren is five. He’s playing with a box of matches. He …………

You’ve bought a new microwave oven. You thought the manufacturers provided it with an instruction leaflet, but you can’t find it. There ………….

We called at our friend’s house but she was out. We hadn’t phoned her before we left home. We …….........

Exercise 13.

A. Put the words in the following sentences in the correct order.

l) have how we to do many write compositions?

2) with you help needn’t the shopping.

3) needn’t you gone much to so have trouble.

4) to just I’ve got pass.

5) to you often have do weekend study at the?

6) are how words write we to many supposed?

7) mustn’t ink use you.

8) draft to we need do write a?

9) fill do have to up I?

10) you what it supposed do think is be to?

B. Now match each of the sentences above to an appropriate response below. Write the number of the sentence in the gap.

a. Between 120 and 180.

b. I know, but I’d like to.

c. What am I supposed to write with then?

d. Don’t worry. I’m sure you will.

e. The letter from Part 1 and another question from Part 2.

f. Yes, I’m afraid I do

g. It was a pleasure.

h. No, we have enough petrol.

i. No, but you should always plan your work before you start to write.

j. I have no idea. Maybe the sun.

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meaning of be + infinitive.

1.What am I to do?

2. Ann was to arrive on Saturday.

3. What were we to prepare for today?

4. What is to be done?

5. They reached the hotel where they were to put up for a few days.

6. He is a strange person, but that does not mean that he is to be laughed at.

7. Everybody is to judge for himself.

8. What we are to talk about next, I can’t imagine.

9. If we are to guide our guests about the town we must hurry.

10. I’m sorry, I was to have called you but I forgot.

11. We are to get a wage rise.

12. You are not to make hour-long phone calls.

Exercise 15. Fill in the blanks with be to or have to (in it’s correct form).

Hurry up! The bus ...... arrive at two o’clock. If you are late, you ....... walk home.

We …... take exams in four subjects in spring.

After his father’s death Robert ….... support his family.

It was a sunny place where they …..... live.

The train .…... have arrived by 7 o’clock. But it hasn’t come yet.

The book.…... be published at the end of the last year.

If you want to pass the exams successfully you .….. work hard.

When you have a computer, you won’t …..... waste so much time.

I felt nervous because I ......... leave home for the first time.

A soldier .......... obey orders.

I think we ........... pay in advance.

You ........... go through Carlisle on the way to Glasgow.

Exercise 17. Read and translate.

1. I think you should see a lawyer.

2. You should consult a doctor.

3. He should be very careful with this equipment.

4. You ought to visit them more often.

5. You shouldn’t agree!

6. You shouldn’t have agreed!

7. She should have been an actress.

8. You ought to have told me all about it an hour ago.

9. You ought to have compared your chances before taking a decision.

10. I think you should have a preliminary exchange of opinions.

11. Visitors are reminded that they should keep their bags with them.

12. I think men should wear jackets and ties in restaurants.

Exercise 18. Say what should have been done.

Model: Jane was ill, but didn’t stay at home.

Jane should have stayed at home.

1. He didn’t leave a message.

2. We didn’t congratulate him.

3. The company didn’t finance the construction.

4. We didn’t see the cathedral.

5. They didn’t replace the defective part in the machine.

6. They didn’t introduce the changes gradually.

7. They didn’t improve the design.

8. The tickets haven’t been exchanged.

9. The seats haven’t been booked.

10. He wasn’t nice to her.

11. She didn’t put garlic in the soup.

12. He didn’t take a map.

Exercise 20.Choose the best form.

1. We ....... win, but I don’t think there’s much chance. (may, might)

2. That ....... be her daughter – they’re nearly the same age. (can’t, mustn’t)

3. You absolutely ..... go and see Liz. (should, must)

4. I think you .......... try to relax more. (should, must)

5. You ............ pass a special exam to be a teacher. (must, have to)

6. In this country boys ......... do military service. (must not, don’t have to)

7. When I was 18 we ...... two years in the army (had to do, must have done)

8. She ..... very quietly – I didn’t hear her go. (had to leave, must have left)

9. You ....... get in without a ticket – not a chance. (may not. can’t)

10. At what age .......... you get a driving license? (can, may)

UNIT 7

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

Subject, predicative, object and attributive clauses.

We often joint sentences by putting who or which (relative pronouns) in place of he, she, it or they. We use who for people and which for things.

I’ve got a friend. He collects stamps. – I’ve got a friend who collects stamps.

There’s a problem. It worries me. – There’s the problem which worries me.

Exercise 1. Join the sentences with who or which.

We often use that instead of which and instead of who in an informal style.

There’s a problem that you don’t understand.

I know some people that could help you.

Exercise 2. Rewrite four or more of the sentences from Exercise 1 using that.

In place of him, her, it and them (objects) we can use who(m), which or that.

Who is very informal as an object; whom is more formal.

Where’s that nurse? I saw her last time. – Where’s that nurse who(m)/that I saw last time?

These are problems. You don’t have them. – These are problems which/that you don’t have.

But we use which to refer to the whole clause. Compare:

The dentist pulled out the teeth which/that were causing trouble.

(‘Which/that’ just refers to ‘the teeth’.)

The dentist had to pull out two of my teeth, which was a real pity.

(‘Which refers to the whole clause before: ‘The dentist ... teeth’.)

Note that what cannot be used in this way.

He got the job, which surprised us all.

Exercise 3. Do you know the English words for nationalities and languages? Complete the sentences; use a dictionary to help you.

The people who live in .............. speak Greek.

The language that people speak in Hungary is called .................

The language ............ people speak in China is called .........…...

The people who live in ........... speak Italian.

The ............ live in .......... ............ Turkish.

The language ................. Algeria is called Arabic.

The people .................... Holland .......... .................

The language ............ ............. ............ Irish.

The people ........... Portugal ........... ...........

........... ............ Japan ….......... ............... .

Exercise 4. Put in which or what.

She cycles to work everyday ........ keeps her healthy.

I very much liked ......... you said at the meeting.

They gave me ......... I asked for.

The lights suddenly went out ............ frightened Granny terribly.

This is ............ I need.

Everybody arrived late ........... didn’t surprise me in the least.

The door was locked .............. which was a nuisance.

He wouldn’t tell me ............ I wanted to know.

She let me borrow one of her dresses ..........was very kind of her.

We’re going to repair the roof ............ will cost a fortune.

We normally use that, not which after all, everything, nothing, the only ... and superlatives.

We do not use what in these cases.

I’ve told you all that I know.

The only thing that matters to me is your happiness.

Exercise 4. Join the beginnings and ends.

After words for time and place we can use when and where as relatives.

I’ll never forget the day when I first met you. (= ...the day on which...)

Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? (= ...a shop at which...)

We can leave out object pronouns who(m), which and that.

Where’s that nurse I saw last time? These are problems you don’t have.

Exercise 5. In which three sentences do you feel the relative pronoun can be left out?

The job that he got wasn’t very interesting.

A woman who(m) my sister knows has just bought the house next door.

The doctor who treated me didn’t know what he was doing.

I’m sorry for people who haven’t got a sense of humour.

Have you got anything that will clean this carpet?

Have you got a typewriter that I can use?

Exercise 6. Is the relative pronoun the subject or object in these clauses?

That’s the woman who lives next door.

Our doctor is a person whom I really respect.

He had a simple idea which changed the world. I’ve lost that nice ring which Bill gave me.

I’ve lost that nice ring which Bill gave me.

It’s a book that everybody talks about and nobody reads.

Once there were three rabbits that lived near a river.

That’s the man who I wanted to see.

An orphan is a child who hasn’t got any parents.

He keeps telling you things which you already know.

They never thanked me for the money that I sent them.

Exercise 7. Make each pair of sentences into one sentence without using who(m)/which/that.

You asked me to get you a paper. Here’s the paper. (Here’s ...)

You recommended a film. We went to see the film, but we didn’t think much of it. (We went …)

My sister bought a new car last month. The car has broken down four times already. (The car …)

You didn’t recognise an actor on television last night. The actor was Kiefer Sutherland. (The actor …)

Jane had some friends at school. Only a very few of the friends went on to university. (Only …)

My father had an operation for his heart problem. The operation was only a partial success. (The operation ...)

Mark wrote an essay while we were on holiday. The essay has won a prize in the school competition. (The essay …)

My daughter brings friends home. Some of the friends look as though they never wash. (Some of …)

We can use what to mean ‘the thing(s) that’.

What is like a noun + relative pronoun together.

What she sad made me angry. I gave him what he needed.

We don’t use what after all, everybody or nothing.

Everything that I have is yours.

Exercise 8. Join the beginnings and ends using ’what’.

Example: What I need is a drink.

I’ll pay for what I broke.

We can joint sentences by putting whose in place of his, her or its.

I saw a girl. Her beauty took my breath away. – I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.

Exercise 9. Make sentences with whose.

A good builder is one whose houses don’t fall dawn.

A good parent is one whose ....……………………..

A good gardener ..........…………………………….

A good doctor ..........................…………….............

A good writer ........................................…………....

A good teacher ....……………..................................

A good cook ............................…………..................

A good businessman .....………...............................

We sometimes leave out who/which/that + is/are/was/were.

Do you know that man standing new the door? (= ... who is standing ...)

Exercise 10. Change the sentences as shown in the examples.

Paper that is made from rice is sometimes used for stationary.

Paper made from rice is sometimes used for stationary.

Luggage that is left unattended will be taken away by police.

The nurse who is looking after my aunt is very kind to her.

Ham which is made in the traditional way costs more but tastes better.

James thought that the man who was with his girlfriend was her brother.

Who’s that good-looking man who is talking to Alison?

Women tourists who are wearing trousers are not allowed in the temple.

Left-handed children who are forced to write with their right hands often develop psychological problems.

The man who was bitten by my neighbour’s dog was her husband’s boss.

When relative pronouns are left out this can make reading difficult.

The woman Barbara was out shopping with that Tuesday afternoon was her stepmother. (=The woman that Barbara was out shopping with ...)

Exercise 11. Make these sentences easier to read by adding who(m)/which/that.

The earrings he gave her for Christmas must have cost at least $500.

The fax he got that morning was addressed to someone else.

The sofa we bought last year is falling to pieces already.

The people he had hoped to introduce Lee to were not here.

The flat the terrorists hid the guns in was owned by an MP.

The song she could not remember the name of was Rambling Boy.

Exercise 12. Here are the ends of some sentences. Find the beginnings in the box.

… Spain taught me things about myself I had never suspected.

… my wedding was bought in a little shop in Bath.

... my parent’s home was the nicest place I’ve ever lived in.

... the airport in Memphis was going to Italy to collect a tiger for a zoo.

... my little cousin Pam had crazy plans for an expedition to the North Pole.

Exercise 13. Put the quotation together.

Exercise 14. Translate into Russian and point out subject, predicative, object and attribute clauses.

1) Whether she was right is not clear yet. 2) That was where Mrs. Gibson’s body lay. 3) And this is what he remembered. 4) I’d like to know which of the two sisters you like more. 5) Who did it is still unknown. 6) She has an opportunity which is offered to only a few of us. 7) Which of them did it was a secret. 8) What we have to decide now is whether we trust her or not. 9) What awakened him was the engine coughing. 10) She belonged to the world about which he knew nothing at all. 11) He has all qualities which his rival lacks. 12) Whether I was her rival in sport or in studies seemed equally bad in her eyes. 13) What he did Bertha didn’t know. 14) Which side wins does not concern us here. 15) Now the question is whether we shall keep her or not. 16) What we want is rest. 17) I’m not sure what she will say. 18) Why he said so is strange. 19) How they did it is not important now. 20) That she was wrong is quite evident. 21) A dog that barks never bites. 22) What has been done can’t be undone.

UNIT 8

Date: 2015-01-12; view: 2238