Slaid 36 Diagnosis of malignant tumors

Used research methods: Ultrasound, Radiography, Computed tomography, MRI

Endoscopy, Biopsy with histological and cytological study, Radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay methods for the determination of tumor markers

Laboratory diagnostics.

Inspection of the patient begins with the general blood test. For existence of a malignant tumor anemia which develops without bleeding, owing to cancer intoxication, especially at a lesion of a stomach, a colon, and also the raised ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and augmentation of quantity of platelets as the tumor often causes a hyper coagulation can speak.

From biochemical analyses the fibrinogen, S-reactive protein as the nonspecific factors indicating trouble in an organism can be raised. Other indicators of a blood and urine seldom change at uncomplicated tumors.

Slaid 37One of the earliest ways of diagnosis of tumors is x-ray inspection. It not only didn't lose the value against other diagnostic techniques, but also with the advent of a computer and magnetic resonance tomography received a new round of development.

There is a lot of techniques of radiological inspection. The preventive X-ray examination of the population allows to tap a lung cancer, and also other pulmonary processes as tuberculosis at an early stage of development, before emergence of clinical symptoms.

Slaid 38X-ray endoscopy will allow to tap functional disturbances which can't be determined by other radiological methods, for example, lack of a peristalsis of a stomach at an infiltrating cancer

The X-ray examination which is carried out, as a rule, in two projections allows suspecting the central or peripheral cancer of a lung, a metastatic lesion of the last, tumors of a mediastinum, bones. Combination of methods of X-ray examination and X-ray endoscopy when during the last aim pictures are carried out gives often fuller X-ray pattern.

Slaid 39X-ray examination of the breast: Mammography, Ductography allows early detection of breast cancer

Slaid 40,41,42Ultrasonic researches allow to see structure of the studied organs, it is best of all dense, since a liver, kidneys, a lien, pancreatic, thyroid, prostatic mammary glands, urinary, bile bubbles. Here educations in some mm in the diameter can be diagnosed.

Slaid 43Endoscopic researches are obligatory at suspicion on a cancer of a hollow organ: bronchoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, proctosigmoidoscope, cystoscopy, hysteroscopy.

Slaid 44The video laparoscopy, a video thoracoscopy, a mediastinoscopy, a retroperitoneosopy have essential value. These researches allow not only to visualize a tumor, to define its exact localization, but also that the most important, to verify (morphologically to specify) the diagnosis (cytologically or histologically).

Slaid 45One of the major oncologic principles at the present stage is cytological or histological verification of the diagnosis. For carrying out cytology are carried out: research of sputum, washings from the bronchi taken in time of performance FGS, smears prints on the subject glasses from various educations, at pathological allocations, in particular, an breast gland, and also ? a puncture biopsy, a brush biopsy.

Slaid 46Complications of tumors

1. An infection of tumors ? at disintegration of a tumor.

2. Bleeding.

3. The tumor in the course of body height is squeezed by an esophagus lumen, an intestinal obstruction.

4. Perforation of an organ.

Date: 2016-06-13; view: 154