Cystic fibrosis mutations and male infertility

Cystic fibrosis, a fatal autosomal-recessive disorder, is the most common genetic disease of Caucasians; 4% are carriers of gene mutations involving the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. This gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 7 and encodes a membrane protein that functions as an ion channel and also influences the formation of the ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, vas deferens and distal two thirds of the epididymis. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) is associated with CFTR mutations and was found in approximately 2% of men with obstructive azoospermia attending a clinic in Edinburgh [46]. However, the incidence in men with obstructive azoospermia varies in different countries.

The clinical diagnosis of absent vasa is easy to miss and all azoospermic men should be carefully examined to exclude CBAVD, particularly those with a semen volume of < 1.5 ml_ and pH less than 7.0.

In recent years, more than 400 mutations of the CFTR gene have been characterized [47]. There are at least 17 published series of men with CBAVD who were tested for varying numbers of mutations. In general, the more mutations tested for, the higher the percentage of men found to have them. Consequently, detection rates are higher (70-81 %) in more recent publications [46,48-50] than in earlier reports (around 40%). In a review of published series of 449 men with CBAVD, the Delta F508 mutation was detected in 244 men, the R117H mutation in 54 men and the W1282X mutation in 37 men; 63 other mutations were found in between one and nine men, but not all mutations were tested for in all case series [51]. It seems likely that as more mutations are defined and tested for, almost 100% of men with CBAVD will be found to have mutations. At present, it is not practical to test for all known mutations as many have a very low prevalence in a particular population. Testing is usually restricted to the 20-30 mutations that occur most commonly in a particular community. Mutations may be found in both copies of the CFTR gene, but in most men with CBAVD, they are found in only one copy. In some of these supposedly heterozygous cases, there may be an unknown second mutation, but there is also another interesting mechanism. In up to 63% of these, a DNA variant - the 5t allele - can be detected in a non-coding region of CFTR [52]. Further work is needed to understand fully the genetics of CBAVD. It is noteworthy that heterozygous men with CBAVD often have mild clinical stigmata of cystic fibrosis, e.g. history of chest infections. It is therefore important to follow-up children born after ICSI where the father has CBAVD and is either heterozygous or homozygous.

When a man has CBAVD, it is important to test him and his partner for cystic fibrosis mutations. If she is also found to be a carrier, the couple must very carefully consider whether to proceed with ICSI using the husband's sperm, as the chance of a baby with cystic fibrosis will be 25% if he is heterozygous or 50% if he is homozygous. If the female partner is negative for known mutations, her chance of being a carrier of unknown mutations is about 0.4%. In these circumstances, the possibility of her heterozygous partner fathering a child with cystic fibrosis is approximately 1:410.

2.7 Unilateral or bilateral absence or abnormality of the vas and renal anomalies

Unilateral absence of the vas deferens is usually associated with ipsilateral absence of the kidney [53] and probably has a different genetic causation. Men with unilateral absence of the vas deferens are usually fertile, and the condition is most commonly encountered as an incidental finding in the vasectomy clinic. Nevertheless, in men with unilateral absence of the vas deferens, cystic fibrosis mutations may underlie the same genetic diseases as those with true CBAVD. In addition, it was found that men with bilateral absence of vas deferens and renal abnormalities have no CFTR abnormalities [54].

Tests for cystic fibrosis mutations should be undertaken in men who are found to have unilateral absence of the vas deference and/or seminal vesicles and normal kidneys or bilateral absence or bilateral abnormality. If the results are negative and renal anatomy has not been defined, it is worthwhile obtaining an abdominal ultrasound. Findings may range from unilateral absence of the vas with ipsilateral absence of the kidney to bilateral vasal abnormalities and renal abnormalities, such as pelvic kidney.

2.8 Unknown genetic disorders

ICSI is now used to enable men with severely damaged spermatogenesis to father children in situations formerly considered hopeless and where very few spermatozoa can be obtained. This has led to worries that children may be born with foetal abnormality, because by bypassing the selective processes of female genital tract and egg coverings, defective sperm, that would not otherwise do so, might be enabled to fertilize eggs. It is therefore very reassuring that the collected foetal abnormality statistics from ICSI centres do not indicate any increase in congenital malformations compared with the general population. However, the indications for ICSI are constantly being extended to include fertilization with immature sperm forms and it will be particularly important to continue to monitor foetal abnormality rates with detailed subgroup analysis according to the clinical and molecular diagnosis of the father.

Date: 2016-06-12; view: 213