Scientific prose style.

5. The style of official documents

Each functional style may be characterized by a num?ber of distinctive features and each functional style may be subdivided into a number of substyles.

2.The belles-lettres style is a generic term for three sub-styles:

1.The language of poetry;

2. Emotive prose, or the language of fiction;

3. The language of the drama.

The language of poetry.The first substyle is verse. Both the syntactical and se-mantic aspects of the poetic substyle may be defined as compact. The most important feature of the poetic sub-style is imagery, which gives rich additional information. This information is created by specific use of words and expressions. This information is to be conveyed through images.

Emotive prose. In emotive prose imagery is not so rich as in poetry. The percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high as in poetry. There is a combination of spoken and written varieties of the language, as there are always two forms of communication - monologue (the writers spe?ech) and dialogue (the speech of the characters). The language of the writer conforms to the literary norms of the given period in the development of the English literary language. The language of the hero of a novel or a story is chosen in order to characterize the man himself.

Language of drama. The language of plays is entirely dialogue. The author's speech is almost excluded except for the play-right's remarks and directions.

The stylization of colloquial language is one of the features of plays which at different stages in the history of English drama showed itself in different ways.

3. Publicistic style of a language may be divided into the following substyles:

1.Oratorical style;

2. The essay;

3. Articles.

The aim of publicistic style is to exert a deep influ?ence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essays or ar?ticle.

Oratorical style.The oratorical style is the oral subdivision of the pub-licistic style. Persuation is the most obvious purpose of oratory.Direct contact with the listeners permits the combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language.Oratorical style belongs to the written variety of lan?guage, though it is modified by the oral form of the utter?ance and the use of gestures.

The essay. The essay is a literary composition on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. It never goes deep into the subject, but merely touches upon the surface.The most characteristic language features of the essay remain 1) brevity of expression; 2) the use of the first per?son singular; 3) a rather expanded use of connectives, which facilitate the process of grasping of ideas; 4) the abundant use of emotive words; 5) the use of similes and sustained metaphors.

The essay in our days is often biographical; persons, facts and events are taken from life.

The article. All the features of publicistic style are to be found in any article. Words of emotive meaning are few in popular scientific articles. The system of connectives is more ex?panded here.

The language of political magazine articles differs little from that of newspaper articles. Bookish words, neo?logisms, traditional word combinations are more frequent here than in newspaper articles.

4. The English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological, grammatical means, aimed at serving the purpose of informing and instructing the reader.

To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will be sufficient to analyze the fol?lowing basic newspaper features:

1.Brief news items;

2. The headline;

3. Advertisements and announcements;

4. The editorial.

Brief news items. The function of a brief news item is to inform the rea?der. It states only facts without giving comments. This is characterized by the absence of any individuality of ex?pression and the almost complete lack of emotional colou?ring.

The vocabulary of brief news items is generally devoid of any emotional colouring.

The headline. The headline is the title given to a news item or a newspaper article. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly of what the news is about. Some?times headlines contain elements of appraisal, i.e. they show the reporter's or the paper's attitude to the facts reported. English headlines are short and catching. In most of English and American newspapers sensational head?lines are quite common.

Advertisements and announcements. The function of advertisements and announcements is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of adver?tisements and announcements in the Modern English newspaper: classified and non-classified.

Problematic question: How the various kinds of information arranged in classified advertisement and announcements?

In classified advertisements and announcements vari?ous kinds of information are arranged according to sub?ject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate name. In The Times, for example, the reader never fails to find several hundred advertisements and announcements classified into groups, such as Birth, Marriages, Deaths, Business Offers, Personal, Farm, etc.

The editorial.Editorials, like some other types of newspaper artic?les, bear the stamp of both the newspaper style and publicistic style.The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comment on the political and other events of the day. Their purpose is to give the editor's opinion and inter?pretation of the news published and suggest to the reader that it is correct one.

5.The first and the most noticeable feature of scientific prose style is the logical sequence of utterances. There is a developed system of connectives in this style.

A second and no less important feature of this style is the use of terms specific to each given branch of science. Due to the rapid dissemination of scientific and technical ideas, particularly in exact sciences, we may observe the process of "de-terminization", that is, some scientific and technical terms begin to circulate outside the narrow field they belong to begin to develop new meanings.

A third feature of modern scientific prose is the use of quotations and references. References have definite compositional pattern, namely, the name of the writer referred to, the title of the work quoted, the publishing ho?use, the place and year it was published, and the page of the excerpt quoted or referred to.

A fourth feature of scientific style is the frequent use of foot-notes

The impersonality of scientific writings can also be considered a typical feature of this style. Impersonal pas?sive constructions are frequently used with the verbs sup?pose, presume, assume, conclude, point out, infer, etc., as in "It should be pointed out", "It must not be assumed", "It must be emphasized", "It can be inferred", etc.

6. The style of official documents is not homogeneous and is represented by the following substyles:

1. the language of business document's;

2. the language of legal documents;

3. the language of diplomacy

4. the language of military documents.

This style has a definite communicative aim and has its own system of language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication in this style of langua?ge is to reach agreement between two contracting parties. These parties may be: the state and the citizen, a society and its members; two or more enterprises; two or more go?vernments, etc. In other words the aim of communication in this style of language is to reach agreement between two contracting parties.

Corresponding abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions are widely used in this style. For ex?ample: M.P. (Member of Parliament), Gvt. (Government), $ (Dollar), £ (Pound), Ltd. (Limited).

Abbreviations are particularly abundant in military documents. E.g.: adv. (advance); atk. (attack); obj. (ob?ject); A/T (anti-tank); ATAS (Air Transport Auxiliary Service).

Another feature of the style is the use of words in the?ir logical dictionary meaning. There is no room for words with contextual meaning or for any kind of simultaneous

realization of two meanings. Words with emotive meaning are not used here. In military documents sometimes meta?phorical names are given to mountains, rivers, hills or vil?lages, but these metaphors are perceived as code signs and have no aesthetic value. E.g.:

"2.102d. Inf. Div. continues atk. 26 Feb. 45 to captive objs Spruce Peach and Cherry and pre?pares to take over objs Plum and Apple after capture by CCB, 5 armed Div."

Almost every official document has its own compo?sitional design and has a definite form. The form of the document is itself informative, as it tells something about the matter dealt with (a letter, an agreement, an order, etc.).

Questions

1. What is the functional style of the language?

2. What is the degree of stability of each style?

3. What is the belles-lettres style?

4. What are the substyles of belles-lettres style?What is publicistic style? Speak about its aim.

5. Has publicistic style features in common with other styles?What is newspaper style?

6. What materials are included in English and Ame?
rican newspapers?

Literature:

1. Akhmanova O. S. Linguostylistics. Theory and Method. M., MGU,1972

2. Anderson W. E. The Written Word. Some uses of English. Oxford University,1971

3. Arnold I. V. The English Word. M., Higher School, 1973

4. Galperin I. R. Stylistics M., Higher school, 1977

5. Murry, J. Middleton. The problems of Style. Ldn, 1961

6. Turner G. W. Stylistics. Peguim Books,1975

7. Warner A. A. Short Guide to English Style

8. ??????? ?. ?????? ????? ҳ?қ???? ?., ???, 1983

9. ?????????? ?.?. ?????? ???? ????????????. ?., ?қ??????, 1995

10. ?????????? ?. Ҳ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?., ???., 1982

11. www.linguistlist.org

?Ingliz tili stilistikasi? fanidan seminar mashg?ul?tlar o?tkazish bo?yicha uslubiy ko?rsatma va mashqlar tizimi

Translate the extracts. Find archaisms and state their type. Find barbarisms and foreign words, state their origin. Find neologisms, define the pattern of their creation. Find terms.

1. "... don't you go to him for anything more serious than a pendectomy of the left ear or a strabismus of the cardiograph. "No one save Kennicott knew exactly what that meant, but they laughed.

2. She was a young and unbeautiful woman.

3. I'll disown you, I'll disinherit you. I?ll unget you and damn me, it ever I call you back again.

4. ... he rode up to the campus, arranged for a room in the graduate dormitory and went at once to the empty Physics building.

5. Then, of course, there ought to be one or two outsiders ? just to give the thing a bona fide appearance. I and Eileen could see to that - young people, uncritical, and with no idea of politics.

6. He kept looking at the fantastic green of the jungle and then at the orange-brown earth, febrile and pulsing as though the rain were cutting wounds into it. Ridges flinched before the power of it.

The Lord giveth and He taketh away. Ridges thought solemnly.

7. "Tyree, you got half of the profits!" Dr. Bruce shouted. "You're my de facto partner." "What that de facto mean. Doc?" "Papa, it means you a partner in fact and in law." Fishbelly told him.

8. Anthony clapped him affectionately on the back. "You're a real knight-errant, Jimmy." he said.

9. You are becoming tireder and tireder.

10. She was doing duty of her waitresshood.

11. A luxury hotel for dogs is to be opened in Lima, Peru, a city of 30,000 dogs. The furry guests will have separate hygienic kennels, top medical care and high standard cuisine, including the best bones. Also at hand at the "dogotel" - trees.

12. If manners maketh man, than manner and grooming maketh poodle.

13. "They're real!" he murmured. "My God, they are absolutely real!"

Erik turned. "Didn't you believe that the neutron existed?"

"Oh, I believed," Fabermacher shrugged away the phrase. "To me neutrons were symbols. But until now I never saw them."

14. ... tiny balls of fluff (chickens) passed on into semi-naked pullethood and from that into dead hen hood.

15. There were ladies too...some of whom knew Trilby, and thee'd and thou'd with familiar and friendly affection while others mademoiselle'd her with distant politeness and were mademoiselle'd and madame'd back again.

16. Oh, it was the killingest thing you ever saw.

17. Yates remained serious. "We have time, Herr Zippmann. to try your schnapps. Are there any German troops in Neustadt?"

"No, Herr Offizier, that's just what I've to tell you. This morning, four gentlemen in all, we went out of Neustadt to meet the Herren Amerikaner."

18. For a headful of reasons I refuse.

19. ...the country became his Stepfatherland.

20. It is the middle of a weekday morning with a stateful of sand and mountains around him.

Translate the extracts. Find slang, vulgarisms, professional and social jargonisms, dialectal words.

1. Bejees, if you think you can play me for an easy mark, you've come to the wrong house. No one ever played Harry Hope for a sucker!

2. She came out of her sleep in a nightmare struggle for breath, her eyes distended in horror, the strangling cough tearing her again and again... Bart gave her the needle.

3. A cove couldn't be too careful.

4. "Poor son of a bitch," he said. "I feel for him, and I'm sorry I was bastardly."

5. "All the men say I'm a good noncom ... for I'm fair and I take my job seriously."

6. "We'll show Levenford what my clever lass can do. I'm looking ahead, and I can see it. When we've made ye the head scholar of Academy, then you'll see what your father means to do will you. But ye must stick in to your lessons, stick in hard."

7. I've often thought you'd make a corking good actress.

8. "I didn't know you knew each other," I said.

"A long time ago it was," Jean said. "We did History Final together at Coll."

9. Suddenly Percy snatched the letter. "Give it back to me, you rotten devil," Peter shouted. "You know damn well it doesn't say that. I'll kick your big fat belly. I swear I will."

10. "I think we've had enough of the metrop for the time being and require a change."

11. She came in one night, plastered, with a sun-burned man, also plastered.

12. "That guy just aint hep," Mazzi said decisively. "He's as unhep as a box, I can't stand people who aint hep."

13. "Okay Top," he said. "You know I never argue with the First Sergeant."

14. "George," she said, "you're a rotten liar. The part about the peace of Europe is all bosh."

Translate the following literary and colloquial modes of expression.

1. "Nicholas, my dear, recollect yourself," remonstrated Mrs. Nickleby.

"Dear Nicholas, pray," urged the young lady. "Hold your tongue, sir," said Ralph.

2. I need the stimulation of good company. He terms this riff-raff. The plain fact is, I am misunderstood.

3. "Here she is," said Quilp..."there is the woman I ought to have married - there is the beautiful Sarah - there is the female who has all the charms of her sex and none of their weakness. Oh. Sally, Sally."

4."The scheme I would suggest cannot fail of success, but it has what may seem to you a

drawback, sir, in that it requires a certain financial outlay."

"He means," I translated to Corky, "that he has got pippin of an idea but it's going to cost a bit."

5. "Big-Hearted Harry. You want to know what I think? I think you're nuts. Pure plain crazy. Goofy as aloon. That's what I think."

6. " I gave him your story in the magazine. He was quite impressed. But he says you're on the wrong track. Negroes and children: who cares?"

" Not Mr. Berman, I gather. Well, I agree with him. I read that story twice: Brats and niggers."

7. I was the biggest draw in London. At the old Aquarium, that was All the swells came to see me. I was the talk of the town.

Translate the sentences. Name the SDs used the text.

1. England has two eyes, Oxford and Cambridge. They are the two eyes of England, and two intellectual eyes.

2. Mother Nature always blushes before disrobing.

3. There were about twenty people at the party, most of whom I hadn't met before. The girls were dressed to kill.

4. "You're a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature!" cried Bella.

5. ... a lock of hair fell over her eye and she pushed it back with a tired, end-of-the-day gesture.

6. The silence as the two men stared at one another was louder than thunder.

7. There comes a period in every man's life, but she's just a semicolon in his.

8. He finds time to have a finger or a foot in most things that happen round here.

9. Did you hit a woman with a child? No, Sir, I hit her with a brick.

10. Mr. Stiggins took his hat and his leave.

11. His disease consisted of spots, bed, honey in spoons, tangerine oranges and high temperature.

12. Money burns a hole in my pocket.

13. The next speaker was a tall gloomy man, Sir Something Somebody.

14. Then would come six or seven good years when there might be 20 to 25 inches of rain, and the land would shout with grass.

15. I get my living by the sweat of my brow.

16. She was a sunny happy sort of creature. Too fond of the bottle.

17. "If there's a war, what are you going to be in?" Liphook asked. "The Government, I hope," Tom said, "Touring the lines in an armored car, my great belly shaking like a jelly. Hey did you hear that? That's poetry."

18. At his full height he was only up to her shoulder, a little dried-up pippin of a man.

19. This is Rome. Nobody has kept a secret in Rome for three thousand years.

20. "Tastes like rotten apples," said Adam. "Yes, but remember, Jam Hamilton said like good rotten apples."

21. "Sally," said Mr. Bentley in a voice almost as low as his intentions, "let's go out to the kitchen."

22. He caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks.

23. He'll go to sleep, my God he should, eight martinis before dinner and enough wine to wash an elephant.

24. A team of horses couldn't draw her back now, the bolts and bars of the old Bastille couldn't keep her.

25. A breeze blew curtains in and out like pale flags, twisting them up toward the frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling.

26. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed her hands solemnly on her middle.

27. "You nasty, idle, vicious, good-for-nothing brute," cried the woman, stamping on the ground.

28. He drank his orange juice in long cold gulps.

29. It rained during the US ? USSR match. But it not only rained rain, it rained records.

30. Little John was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was rather curly and large.

31. "You'll be helping the police, I expect," said Miss Cochran. "I was forgetting that you had such a reputation as Sherlock."

32. It being his habit not to jump or leap, or make upward spring, at anything in life, but to crawl at everything.

33. He found his way to the Blue room without difficulty. He was already familiar with the geography of the house.

34. There would follow splendid years of great works carried out together, the old head backing the young fire.

35. The man looked a rather old forty-five, for he was already going grey.

36. It's not a joke, darling. I want you to call him up and tell him what a genius Fred is. He's written barrels of the most marvelous stories.

37. So think first of her, but not in the "I love you so that nothing will induce me to marry you" fashion.

38. The money she had accepted was two soft, green, handsome ten-dollar bills.

39. She had received from her aunt a neat, precise, and circumstantial letter.

40. She had her breakfast and her bath.

Translate the sentences into Russian. Find syntactical SD.

1. A poor boy... No father, no mother, no any one.

2. I have been accused of bad taste. This has disturbed me, not so much for my own sake (since I am used to the slights and arrows of outrageous fortune) as for the sake of criticism in general.

3. He would have to stay. Whatever might happen, that was the only possible way of salvation - to stay, to trust Emily, to make himself believe that with the help of the children...

4. Out came the chaise - in went the horses - on sprung the boys - in got the travelers.

5. Gentleness in passion! What could have been more seductive to the scared, starved heart of that girl?

6. Through his brain, slowly, sifted the things they had done together. Walking together. Dancing together. Sitting silent together. Watching people together.

7. I know the world and the world knows me.

8. What is it? Who is it? When was it? Where was it? How was it?

9. Bella soaped his face and rubbed his face, and soaped his hands and rubbed his hands, and splashed him, and rinsed him and toweled him, until he was as red as beetroot.

10. The photograph of Lotta Lindbeck he tore into small bits across and across and across.

11. He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn't want to kill or be killed, so he ran away from the battle.

12. Women are not made for attack. Wait they must.

13. It was I was a father to you.

14. Fast asleep - no passion in the face, no avarice, no anxiety, no wild desire; all gentle, tranquil, and at peace.

15. And life would move slowly and excitingly. With much laughter and much shouting and talking and much drinking and much fighting.

16. And it was so unlikely that any one would trouble to look there - until - until - well.

17. They took coach and drove westward. Not only drove westward, but drove into that particular westward division, which Bella had seen last when she turned her face from Mr. Boffin's door. Not only drove into that particular division, but drove at last into that very street. Not only drove into that very street, but stopped at last at that very house.

18. It was Mr. Squeers's custom to make a sort of report regarding the relations and friends he had seen, the news he had heard, the letters he had brought down, the bills which had been paid, the accounts which had been unpaid, and so forth.

19. There are so many sons who won't have anything to do with their fathers, and so many fathers who won't speak to their sons.

20. He yawned, went out to look at the thermometer, slammed the door, patted her head, unbuttoned his waistcoat, yawned, wound the clock, went to look at the furnace, yawned, and clumped upstairs to bed, casually scratching his thick woolen undershirt.

21. No one seemed to take proper pride in his work: from plumbers who were simply thieves to, say, newspapermen (he seemed to think them a specially intellectual class) who never by any chance gave a correct version of the simplest affair.

22. But what words shall describe the Mississippi, great father of rivers, who (praise to be Heaven) has no young children like him?

23. Mr. Richard, or his beautiful cousin, or both, could sign something, or make over something, or give some sort of undertaking, or pledge, or bond?

24. And Fleur - charming in her jade-green wrapper - tucked a corner of her lip behind a tooth, and went back to her room to finish dressing.

25. He sat, still and silent, until his future landlord accepted his proposals and brought writing materials to complete the business. He sat, still and silent, while the landlord wrote.

26. All was old and yellow with decay. And decay was the smell and being of that room

Find lexico-syntactical SD in the text and name them. Translate the sentences.

1. It is safer to be married to the man you can be happy with than to the man you cannot be happy without.

2. Well, I couldn't say no: it was too romantic.

3. "So, I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?" " I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash. Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market.

4. I swear to God. I never saw the bit of this winter. More snow, more cold, more sickness, more death.

5. Something significant may come out at last, which may be criminal or heroic, may be madness or wisdom.

6. It was a young woman and she entered like a wind-rush, a squall of scarves and jangling gold.

7. He was laughing at Lottie but not unkindly.

8. She has always been as live as a bird.

9. Jean slid between two buses so that two drivers simalteneously used the same qualitative word.

10. "Funny how ideas come," he said afterwards, "Like a flash of lightning."

11. There are drinkers. There are drunkards. There are alcoholics.

12. Don't use big words. They mean so little.

13. It was not without satisfaction that Mrs. Sunbury perceived that Betty was offended.

14. There are in every large chicken-yard a number of old and indignant hens who resemble Mrs. Bogart.

15. In the left corner, built out into the room, is the toilet with the sign "This is it" on the door.

Indicate what graphical and phonetic expressive means are used in the following sentences.

1.1 ref-use his money altogezzer.

2. He misses our father very much. He was s-l-a-i-n in North Africa.

3. Open your eyes for that laaaarge sun.

4. You have no conception of what we are fighting over.

5. - Oh, what's the difference, Mother? - Muriel, I want to know.

6. Now listen, Ed, stop that now! I'm desperate. I am desperate, Ed, do you hear? Can't you see?

7. When Will's ma was down here keeping house for him - she used to run in to see me, real often!

8. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle.

9. "Sh-sh." "But I'm whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him.

10. The Italian trio tut-tutted their tongues at me.

11. Puff, puff, the train came into the station.

12. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane.

13. Now pour us another cuppa.

14. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him.

15. "Gimme a kiss an? I'll tell ye if I mind or not", said Ike.

16. You ast me a question. I answered it for you.

17. You'll probably be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills.

18. "You ain't invited," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?"

19. "Where a get all this pictures?"

20. How many cups a coffee you have in Choy's this morning?

Date: 2016-06-12; view: 2593