Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the words below.

TASKS FOR SEMINAR 5

SEMANTIC CHANGE

1. How do words change?

Factors affecting semantic change (extra-linguistic and linguistic).

Transference based on similarity. Traditional vs. cognitive view of metaphor.

Transference based on contiguity.

Generalization vs. specialization of meaning.

Amelioration vs. pejoration of meaning.

Grammaticalization.

Some sociolinguistic interpretations of language change.

Practical tasks.

Define the kind of association involved in the semantic change.

(1) glass (a transparent solid substance used for making windows, bottles etc.) ? a glass (a container);

(2) the foot of a person ? the foot of a mountain;

(3) jeans (heavy cotton cloth, esp. denim) ? jeans (trousers);

(4) Matisse (proper name) ? a Matisse ( a painting);

(5) the wing of a bird ? the wing of a building;

(6) the key to a door ? the key to a mystery;

(7) copper (metal) ? copper (coin);

(8) the heart of an animal ? the heart of a city;

(9) crown (a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch) ? crown (monarchy);

(10) a whip (a lash used to urge horses on) ? a whip (an official within the British Parliament);

(11) Sony (manufacturer of electronics and electric appliances) ? a Sony (a product);

(12) four-wheel drive (a system which gives the power of the engine to all four wheels in a vehicle) ? a four-wheel drive (a vehicle that has this type of system)

(13) roll out the red carpet ? roll out the red carpet (give special treatment to an important visitor).

Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the denotational aspect of lexical meaning in the words below.

1) camp: ?a place where troops are lodged in tents? → ?a place where people live in tents or hunts?; 2) girl: ?a small child of either sex? → ?a small child of the female sex?; 3) bird: ?a young bird? → ?a creature with wings and feathers which can usually fly in the air?; 4) arrive: ?reach the shore after a voyage? → ?reach a place at the end of a journey or a stage in a journey?; 5) deer: ?any quadruped animal? → ?a hoofed grazing or browsing animal, with branched bony antlers that are shed annually and typically borne only by the male?; 6) rug: ?rough woolen stuff? → ?a small carpet?; 7) barn: ?a place for keeping barley? → ?a large farm building used for storing grain, hay, or straw or for housing livestock?; 8) glide: ?to move gently and smoothly? → ?fly with no engine?; 9) room: ?space? → ?a part or division of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling?; 10) fly: ?move with wings? → ?to move through the air or in the outer space?; 11) artist: ?a master of the liberal arts? → ?a person who produces paintings or drawings as a profession or hobby?; 12) champion: ?a fighting man? → ?a person who has defeated or surpassed all rivals in a competition, especially a sporting contest?; 13) campaign: ?army's operations in the field? → ?a connected set of actions intended to obtain a particular result, in military operations, in politics and business?.

Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the words below.

cunning: ?possessing erudition or skill? → ?clever in deceiving'; 2) knight: ?manservant' → ?noble courageous man'; 3) fond: ?foolish, infatuated' → ?loving, affectionate'; 4) gang: ?a group of people going together' → ?an organized group of criminals'; 5) marshal: ?manservant attending horses' → ?an officer of the highest rank in the armed forces'; 6) coarse: ?ordinary, common' → ?rude or vulgar'; 7) minister: ?a servant' → ?a head of a government department'; 8) enthusiasm: ?a prophetic or poetic frenzy' → ?intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval'; 9) violent: ?having a marked or powerful effect' → ?using or involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something'; 10) gossip: ?a godparent, a person related to one in God? → ?the one who talks scandal; tells slanderous stories about other people'.

4. Identify sentences where the verb want shows clear signs of grammaticalization and is used as a modal rather than lexical verb:

1) You are welcome if you want to share some of your concerns with us.

2) With things like that, you always want to be sure that your decision won't negatively impact someone you love.

3) Do you want to be the first one to know the latest happenings at our site?

4) He may want to try the shirt on to see if it fits.

5) It?s not like they want to give you a pay rise or anything like that.

6) Here?s why you may wanna consider this other option.

Date: 2016-06-12; view: 749