Formal and informal language

The word is a unit of speech which serves the purpose of human communication. The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the external and internal structures of the word. By external structure of the word we mean its morphological structure. For example, post-im-press|ion|ist|s the following morphemes can be distinguished; the prefixes post- and im-, the root ?press-, the noun-forming suffixes ?ion, -ist and grammatical suffix of plurality ?s.

The internal structure of the word or its meaning is the word?s semantic structure. It is the words main aspect.

Then words may belong to formal or informal speech.

Informal words are divided into 3 types: colloquial, slang, dialect words.

The Oxford English dictionary defines slang as ?language of highly colloquial style considered as below the level of standard educated speech and consisting either of new words or current words employed in some special sense?.

The scientists define a dialect as a variety of a language which prevails in a district with local peculiarities of vocabulary and pronunciation.

Formal style is restricted to formal situations. Formal words fall into 2 main groups: words associated with professional communications and so-called learned words which are mainly associated with the printed page.

Archaic ; archaism

Archaic words and obsolete words stand close to the learned words because they also associate with printed page. This words are partly or fully out of circulation (e.g. thou, thy, aye, nay).

Historicisms are the words denoting objects and phenomena that are the things of the past and no longer exist.

Professional terminology are words that belong to special scientific professional or trade terminological systems.

Basic vocabulary words are stylistically neutral. Their stylistic neutrality makes it possible to use them in all kinds of situation both formal and informal.

Etymology

By etymology of words their origin is understood. English vocabulary which is one of the most extensive in the world contains a lot of words of foreign origin.

In the first century B.C. the Romans brought the names of milk products and planes. For example, cherry, pear, plum, beet, pepper, cup, kitchen.

The fifth century A.D. the Angles and Saxons assimilated such Celtic words as down, druid, bard, cradle, London.

The seventh century A.D. brought such Latin borrowings as priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle and educational terms (school, magister).

Then the 8^th-11^th century are characterized by Scandinavian borrowings such as take, call, cast, die, husband. It is easy to recognize Scandinavian borrowings by the initial sk: sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt.

In 1066 England was defeated by William the Conqueror and the English language borrowed administrative words (state, government, parliament, council), legal terms (court, judge, justice, crime), military terms (army, war, soldier, officer, battle), educational terms (pupil, lesson, library, science), everyday life words (table, plate, dinner, supper).

The Renaissance Period was marked by Greek and Latin borrowings. They were abstract words (major, minor, intelligent), then scientific and artistic words (datum, status, phenomena, philosophy). Some borrowings came from so-called Parisian dialect (regime, routine, police, machine, ballet).

Reasons for borrowings are contact, wars, invasions, conquest, trade, cultural relations. Sometimes it is done to fill the gap in the vocabulary. It may be a word that expresses more peculiar concept. This type of borrowings enlarges the group of synonyms. For example, Latin ?cordial? ? Native ?friendly?; Latin ?admire? ? French ?adore?.

Borrowed words are adjusted in 3 main areas of the new language system: the phonetic, the grammatical, the semantic.

Ph: > ? > ?

Gram: datum (pl. data), criterion (pl. criteria)

Sem: large (Fr. Has the meaning of ?wide?), nice (Fr. ? silly)

Some words are borrowed by many languages. They are so-called international words. Many of them are of Latin and Greek origin (democracy).

Etymological doublets are words that originated from one and the same etymological source, but are different in phonetic shape and in meaning (Native ?shirt? ? Scand. ?skirt?; Lat. ?senior? ? Fr. ?sir?; Lat. ?canal? ? Fr. ?channel?).

A doublet may consist of a shortened word and the one from which it is derived (history-story, fantasy-fancy, fanatic-fan).

Word-building

Derived words (affixes= prefixes+suffixes)

Root words

Conversed words

Compound words

Neutral (shopwindow)

1) Affixless stems (blackbird)

2) Derived (absent-mindedness)

3) Contracted (TV-set)

Morphological (Anglo-Saxon)

Syntactic (lily-of-the-valley)

Shortening or contraction

So word-building is understood as processes of producing new words from the resources of this particular language. Together with borrowing word-building provides for enlarging and enriching the vocabulary of the language.

Words are divisible into smaller units ? morphemes. They do not occur as free forms but only as constituents of words. Yet they possess meaning of their own (e.g. reddish, overwrite).

All morphemes are subdivided into roots and affixes. Affixes fall into prefixes (e.g. unwell) and suffixes.

Words which consist of a root and an affix or several affixes are called derived words or derivatives and are produced by the process of affixation.

Root words have only a root morpheme in their structure (e.g. room, street).

Conversion is a type of modern English word-building when a word from one part of speech is transformed into another part of speech (e.g. to hand ? a hand).

Compound words consisting of 2 or more stems (e.g. mother-in-law).

Shortenings or contraction are words produced by shortening (e.g. laboratory ? lab).

4 types of words (root words, derived words, compound words and shortenings) represent the main structural types of Modern English words.

Conversion, derivation and composition are the most productive ways of word-building.

Affixes can be classified into productive and non-productive. By productive ones we mean the one which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of language development.

Composition is one the most productive types of word-building in Modern English. Traditionally 3 types of compounds are distinguished: neutral, morphological and syntactic. In neutral compounds the process of compounds is realized without any linking elements (blackbird, shopwindow).

Morphological are few and number. This type is non-productive, when 2 stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant. Syntactic compounds represent specifically English word structure. They are formed from segments of speech describing typical relations (lily-of-the-valley).

Less productive ways of word-building: shortening=contraction

Phone = telephone

Fence = defence

Vac = vacation

Hols = holidays

Ads = advertisements

BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation

M.P. = Member of Parliament

Minor types of modern word-building: sound imitation (dogs: bark, howl; cock: cock-a-doodle-doo; duck: quacks) and reduplication (bye-bye).

Date: 2016-06-12; view: 383