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Lexicology and grammar.Introduction into lexicology. The object of Lexicology. Connection of Lexicology and other branches of linguistics. It comes from Greek word lexis - meaning word and logos - meaning learning, is a part of ling dealing with vocab of language and the properties of words as main units of language. It became separate field of linguistics only at the end of 19 century. The term vocabulary is used to denote system formed by words and word equivalents that language possesses. The term word denotes basic unit of given language resulting from association of a particular meaning, with a particular group of sounds capable of particular grammatical employment.
Semantic grammatical and phonological Unit. It?s the smallest language unit that can stand from the alone at complete utterance lexical aspect one or several notions among themselves. Modern approaches to the word are characterized by 2 levels of study: Syntagmatic Paradigmatic On the paradigmaticlevel word is studied n its relationship with other words in vocab system. On syntagmatic level word is analyzed in its linear relationship words in speech. Of all worlds languages English is richest on vocabulary. The Oxford dictionary lists about 500 000 word and further half million scientific and technical words remain uncatalogued. According to traditional estimates in German has vocab of about 185 000 words and French fewer than 100 000. More than English lexicology aims at giving a systematic description of words talked in modern English. General study of words and vocab irrespective of specific features of any particular language is known as general lexicology. Special lexicology devotes its attention to the description of characteristic peculiarities in vocab of a given language. Contrastive lexicology performs theoretic basis on which vocab of diff language can be compared and described. Evolution of any vocab forms object of historic lexicology or etymology. Descriptive lexicology deals with vocab of given language at given stage of its development. Lexicology also studies all semantic grouping and semantic relations, such as: synoniming, antoniming, hyponiming. Connection of lexicology with branches of ling cannot be separated from study other elements in language system. Thus lexicology is connected with General linguistics: History of language Phonetics Stylistics Grammar Social linguistics Importance between lexicology and phonetics stand explained if we remember that word is an association of given group of sounds with given meaning: So, top is one word and tip is another. Phonemes have no meaning on their own, but they serve to distinguish between meanings. Their function is building up morphemes and it is on level of morphemes that the phoneme meaning unit is introduced into language. Word unity is conditioned by number of phonological features. Phonemes follow each other in fixed sequence. Distinction between words can be based upon stress. Word import is noun and distinguished from word import due to position of stress. Stress also distinguished compounds from homonymous word groups. Example:blackbird - black bird Stylistics although from diff angle studies many problems in lexicology Problems of meaning, connotation, synonymy, functional differences in vocab according to the sphere of communication.
Lexicology and grammar. Even isolated words as press in a diction have a definite relation grammatical system of relations because they belong to some part of speech and conform to some grammatical characteristics. Words are arranged in certain patterns combined the relations between the things of which they stand. Therefore, alongside with lexical meaning the possess grammatical meaning Ex: head of committee and to head the committee Gramm form and function of the word affects its lexical meaning. A well-known verb when go in continuous tenses followed by to and infinitive serves to express intention of future action. Ex: ?I?m going to write a report this afternoon.? Participle II over the same word followed link verb be denotes absence Ex: The house is gone. Lexical meaning in these cases is set to be grammatically conditioned. Another point of interest is a survival of 2 grammatical equivalents of the same word when they help to distinguish between lexical meanings. For example: Some nouns have separate plurals. One keeping etymological form, and the other with the usual English endings. Ex: form ?brothers? is used to show family relationships, while old form ?brotherin? indicates members of some club or society. Sometimes forms that originally expressed grammatical meaning becomes a basis for a new grammatical conditioned lexical meaning. In this new meaning it is isolated from the paradigm so that a new word comes into being. For example: Arms (plural from arm) has come to mean weapon. This process is called lexicalization of grammatical form. Grammar and vocabulary make use of the same technic. The all distinctive features of some derivational oppositions between different words are the same as those of oppositions contrasting different grammatical words. Compare lexical system opposition such as: work - worker, power - willpower, food ? feed. With grammatical oppositions: Work - worked, work - will work, foot ? feet. Not only are methods and patterns are similar but morphemes are often homonymous.
Date: 2016-06-12; view: 1176
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