ABLAUT COMBINATIONS

The reduplicative compounds resemble in sound form the rhyme combinations like razzle-dazzle and ablaut combinations like sing-song. These two types, therefore, are treated by many¹ as repetition with change of initial consonant or with vowel interchange. H. Marchand treats these as pseudo-compounds, which occur as twin forms with phonic variation and as twin forms with a rhyme for characteristic feature.

Ablaut combinations are twin forms consisting of one basic morpheme (usually the second), sometimes a pseudo-morpheme which is repeated in the other constituent with a different vowel. The typical changes are [ı]? [æ]: chit-chat ?gossip? (from chat ?easy familiar talk?), dilly-dally ?loiter?, knick-knack ?small articles of ornament?, riff-raff ?the mob?, shilly-shally ?hesitate?, zigzag (borrowed from French), and [ı] ? [o]: ding-dong (said of the sound of a bell), ping-pong ?table-tennis?, singsong ?monotonous voice?, tiptop ?first-rate?. The free forms corresponding to the basic morphemes are as a rule expressive words denoting sound or movement.

Both groups are based on sound symbolism expressing polarity. With words denoting movement these words symbolise to and fro rhythm: criss-cross; the to and fro movement also suggests hesitation: shilly-shally (probably based on the question ?Shall I?"); alternating noises: pitter-patter. The semantically predominant group are the words meaning idle talk: bibble-babble, chit-chat, clitter-clatter, etc.

RHYME COMBINATIONS

Rhyme combinations are twin forms consisting of two elements (most often two pseudo-morphemes) which are joined to rhyme: boogie-woogie, flibberty-gibberty ?frivolous?, harum-scarum ?disorganised?, helter-skelter ?in disordered haste?, hoity-toity ?snobbish?, humdrum ?bore?, hurry-scurry ?great hurry?, hurdy-gurdy ?a small organ?, lovey-dovey ?darling?, mumbo-jumbo ?deliberate mystification, fetish?,

¹ O. Jespersen, H. Koziol and the author of this book in a previous work.

namby-pamby ?weakly sentimental?, titbit ?a choice morsel?, willy-nilly ?compulsorily? (cf. Lat volens-nolens).

The choice of the basic sound cluster in some way or other is often not arbitrary but motivated, for instance, lovey-dovey is motivated in both parts, as well as willy-nilly. Hurry-scurry and a few other combinations are motivated in the first part, while the second is probably a blend if we take into consideration that in helter-skelter the second element is from obsolete skelt ?hasten?.

About 40% of these rhyme combinations (a much higher percentage than with the ablaut combinations) are not motivated: namby-pamby, razzle-dazzle. A few are borrowed: pow-wow ?a noisy assembly? (an Algonquin¹ word), mumbo-jumbo (from West African), but the type is purely English, and mostly modern.

The pattern is emotionally charged and chiefly colloquial, jocular, often sentimental in a babyish sort of way. The expressive character is mainly due to the effect of rhythm, rhyme and sound suggestiveness. It is intensified by endearing suffixes -y, -sie and the jocular -ty, -dy. Semantically predominant in this group are words denoting disorder, trickery, teasing names for persons, and lastly some playful nursery words. Baby-talk words are highly connotative because of their background.

PSEUDO-COMPOUNDS

The words like gillyflower or sparrow-grass are not actually compounds at all, they are cases of false-etymology, an attempt to find motivation for a borrowed word: gillyflower from OFr giroflé, crayfish (small lobster-like fresh-water crustacean, a spiny lobster) from OFr crevice, and sparrow-grass from Latin asparagus.

May-day (sometimes capitalised May Day) is an international radio signal used as a call for help from a ship or plane, and it has nothing to do with the name of the month, but is a distortion of the French m'aidez ?help me? and so is not a compound at all.

Date: 2016-06-12; view: 82