Unit 2. Ancient Egypt

Unit 1. The Wonders of the Ancient World

Ex. 1. 1-d, 2-f, 3-a, 4-g, 5-b, 6-e, 7-c, 8-h, 9-i.

Ex. 3. 1-B, 2-E, 3-D, 4-C, 5-A, 6-F.

Ex. 10. 1-i, 2-g, 3-b, 4-c, 5-f, 6-d, 7-j, 8-e, 9-h, 10-a.

Ex. 12. IV: g, e, c, d, f, b, a: VI: c, f, e, d, b, g, a

Unit 2. Ancient Egypt

Ex. 1. 1. Hieroglyphics was the form of writing used in Ancient Egypt. It is a form of picture writing. Each symbol represented a word or idea rather than just a sound like the alphabet. There were thousands of different symbols.

2. The first pyramid: The step pyramid of Djoser is located at Saqqara. It was built during the 3rd Dynasty for Zoser (Djoser) by Imhotep. It is dated around 2630 BC.

3.The pharaoh was the supreme ruler. Egyptologists believe the people of Egypt considered the pharaoh to be half man/half God.

4.Pharaoh Khufu ordered the building of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

5.Generally the role of sphinxes was as temple guardians; they were placed in association with architectural structures such as royal tombs or religious temples. The great Sphinx is part of a complex which consists not only of the sphinx itself, but also of its old temple, a New Kingdom temple and some other small structures. It is also closely related to Khafre's Valley Temple, which itself had four colossal sphinx statues each more than 26 feet long. Working east there is the pyramid of Khafre then Funerary Temple of Khafre which is linked by a cause way to the Great Sphinx which is facing east at the Temple of the Sphinx.

6.Papyrus was used about 3500 BC by the Ancient Egyptians. They used it to write records for the Pharaohs. Traders also wrote on this Paper Payrus. They used reed like instruments to write on the Papyrus.

7.They invented papyrus, black ink, first ox drawn plows, several military innovations, a writing system and beer. They invented mathematics, astronomy, monotheism, the idea of heaven and hell, columns, philosophy, science, studies in understanding medicine, and arguably electricity.

8."Pharaoh" is the name given by the Greeks and Hebrews to Egyptian kings. Pharaohs lived in palaces in the capital city of Egypt. The capital city changed in different time periods. Cities of ancient Egypt which were capitals included Tanis, Libyan, Nubia, Thebes. Thebes was capital of Egypt during several alternating time periods.

9.The skilled Egyptian architects used only the simplest tools, but had the vast manpower of thousands of laborers, many of whom perished during the construction.

10.Nefertiti was the wife of Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton), who ruled Egypt for 20 years. Tutankhamen (King Tut) was his son by a lesser wife called Kiya. Akhenaten turned Egypt from polytheism to monotheism. Tut became Pharaoh at age 9 after the death of his father. He changed Egypt back from a monotheist religion (worship of one god) to polytheism (worship of more than one god). King Tut died at age 18 from a broken leg, probably from carriage incident when hunting or at war. Nefertiti, circa 1370 - 1330 B.C. was the Great Royal Wife of Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV She was also the mother-in-law and probable stepmother to the future King Tutankhamen. There is a possibility that she was the Queen of Egypt after her husbands death and before the accession of Tutankhamen, using the name of Nefernefervaten. She had six daughters.

11.They used a material called linen.

12.He was a Pharaoh in Ancient Egypt. He ruled in the 3rd Dynasty from 2630 BC- 2611 BC.

13.There are 30 dynasties (31 if you include Cleopatra, who ended the dynastic system) in Ancient Egypt containing about 332 known Pharaohs. This number is a rough estimate as there may be Pharaohs that have not been discovered, and some scholars do not agree on whether or not advisors that served during occasional lapses between Pharaohs should count. The term "Pharaoh" did not originate in Egypt and was not consistently used until the 12th dynasty.

14.Cleopatra (69 – 30 BC) was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. She was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Greek origin that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great's death during the Hellenistic period. Cleopatra originally ruled jointly with her father Ptolemy XII Auletes and later with her brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, whom she married as per Egyptian custom, but eventually she became sole ruler. As pharaoh, she consummated a liaison with Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne. She later elevated her son with Caesar, Caesarion, to co-ruler in name. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus). With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios, and another son, Ptolemy Philadelphus. Her unions with her brothers produced no children. After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra followed suit, according to tradition killing herself by means of an asp bite in 30 BC. She was briefly outlived by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh by his supporters, but he was soon killed on Octavian's orders. Egypt became the Roman province of Aegyptus.

15.Osiris, Cleopatra, Isis, Rameses, Tutankhamun, Nefertiti, Anubis.

Ex. 2. 1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D, 5-E, 6-F, 7-G.

Ex. 11. 1-c, 2-e, 3-a, 4-d, 5-f, 6-j, 7-g, 8-I, 9-h, 10-b.

Ex. 12. 1-b, 2-g, 3-h, 4-a, 5-f, 6-e, 7-d, 8-c.

Ex. 13. 1.Pharaohs were the king or Queen of Egypt. Most pharaohs were men but some well-known pharaohs, such as Nefertiti and Cleopatra, were women. A Pharaoh was the most important and powerful person in the kingdom. He was the head of the government and high priest of every temple. The people of Egypt considered the pharaoh to be a half-man, half-god. The Pharaoh owned all of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians did not refer to their Kings as Pharaohs. The word Pharaoh comes from the Greek language and was used by the Greeks and Hebrews to refer to the Kings of Egypt. Today, we also use the word Paraoh when referring to the kings of Egypt.

2. The first true pharaoh of Egypt was Narmer (sometimes called Menes), who united Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. He was the first king of the First Dynasty, the beginning of the Old Kingdom. Egypt was once divided into two kingdoms. The kingdom in Lower Egypt was called the red crown and the one in Upper Egypt was known as the white crown. Around 3100 B.C. the pharaoh of the north conquered the south and Egypt became united. The pharaoh's name was King Narmer (Menes). He founded the first capital of Egypt where the two lands met. It was called Memphis. (Thebes became the next capital of Egypt and then Amarna was made the capital during the reign of King Akhenaten.) The story of Ancient Egypt begins from when the north and the south were united as one country under the first pharaoh Menes.

3.The Ancient Egyptians believed that their Pharaoh was the god Horus, son of Re, the sun god. When a pharaoh died he was believed to be united with the sun and then a new Horus ruled on earth.

4.In the Old and Middle Kingdoms (2628-1638 BC), Egyptian kings were buried in pyramids. About 50 royal pyramids have survived. They were built on the desert edge, west of the ancient capital of Memphis. In the New Kingdom (1504-1069 BC), Egyptian kings were buried in tombs in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. These tombs were tunnels cut deep into the natural rock.

5.Pharaohs often had several wives but only one was queen.

6.The most famous Egyptian pharaoh today is, without doubt, Tutankhamun.

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 1545