Metabolism of Carbohydrates

1. A 45 y.o woman suffers from Cushing`s syndrome (steroid subtype of diabetes mellitus). Biochemical examination revealed hyperglycemia, hyperchloremia in this patient. Which of the processes below is the first to be activated?

A. *Gluconeogenesis

B. Glucose reabsorption

C. Glycogenolysis

D. Glycolysis

E. Glucose transport to the cell

2. A 7-year-old girl has signs of anemia. Laboratory examination revealed pyruvate kinase deficiency in the erythrocytes. What process disturbance plays the main role in anemia development?

A. Tissue respiration

B. Oxidative phosphorylation

C. Peroxide decomposition

D. Amino acids desamination

E. *Anaerobic glycolysis

3. Patient with diabetes mellitus experienced loss of consciousness and convulsions after an injection of insulin. What might be the result of biochemical blood analysis for concentration of sugar?

A. 3.3 mmol/L

B. 10.0 mmol/L

C. 8.0 mmol/L

D. *1.5 mmol/L .

E. 5.5 mmol/L

4. A child’s blood presents high content of galactose, glucose concentration is low. There are such presentations as cataract, mental deficiency, adipose degeneration of liver. What disease is it?

A. Diabetes melluitis

B. Steroid diabetes

C. Fructosemia

D. Lactosemia

E. *Galactosemia

5. A child has got galactosemia. Concentration of glucose in blood has not considerably changed. Deficiency of what enzyme caused this illness?

A. Phosphoglucomutase

B. Amylo-l,6-glucosidase

C. Galactokinase

D. *Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

E. Hexokinase

6. The gluconeogenesis is activated in the liver after intensive physical trainings .What substance is utilized in gluconeogenesis first of all in this case:

A. Glucose

B. Glutamate

C. Alanine

D. *Lactate

E. Pyruvate

7. A child is languid, apathetic. Liver is enlarged and liver biopsy revealed a significant amount of glycogen. Glucose concentration in the blood stream is below normal. What is the cause of low glucose levels:

A. Low {absent} activity of hexokinase

B. High activity of glycogen synthetase

C. Deficit of gene that is responsible for the synthesis of glucose 1-phosphate uridine transferase

D. High activity of glycogen phosphorylase in liver

E. *Low {absent} activity of glucose 6-phosphatase

8. When blood circulation in the damaged tissue is restored, then lactate accumulation comes to a stop and glucose consumption decelerated. These metabolic changes are caused by activation of the following process:

A. *Gluconeogenesis

B. Aerobic glycolysis

C. Anaerobic glycolysis

D. Lipolysis

E. Glycogen biosynthesis

9. During starvation muscular proteins are involved into degradation to form free amino acids. These compounds will be the most probably used by the following process:

A. Synthesis of higher fatty acids

B. Oxidative decarboxylation

C. Glycogenolysis

D. Gluconeogenesis in muscles

E. Gluconeogenesis in the liver*

10. A mental and physical retardation, grave damage of internal connective tissue is observed in child. Urine analysis reveals excess levels of keratan sulfates. Which of the following compounds metabolism is disturbed?

A. Collagen

B. Fibrinectin

C. Glucose aminoglycan*

D. Ascorbic acid

E. Elastin

11. Some students developed myokymia after continuous physical activity during physical education. The reason for such condition was accumulation of lactic acid in the skeletal muscles. It was generated in the students’ bodies after activation of the following process:

A. Glucogenesis

B. Lipolysis

C. Glycolysis*

D. Pentose-phosphate cycle

E. Gluconeogenesis

12.Cytoplasm of the myocytes contains a lot of dissolved metabolites resulting from glucose oxidation. Name the metabolite that turns directly into lactate:

A. Oxaloacetate

B. Glucose-6-phosphate

C. Glycerophosphate

D. Fructose-6-phosphate

E. Pyruvate*

13. Glycogen polysaccharide is synthesized from the active form of glucose. The immediate donor of glucose residues during the glycogenesis is:

1. Glucose-3-phosphate
2. Glucose-6-phosphate
3. UDP-glucose*
4. Glucose-1-phosphate
5. ADP-glucose

14. The genetic defect of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is the cause of delayed physical and mental development and early death in children. This defect is characterized by lacticemia, lactaciduria, disorders of a number of metabolic pathways. In particular, the following processes are inhibited:

1. Citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis *
2. Glycolysis and glycogenolysis
3. Pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis
4. Lipolysis and lipogenesis
5. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

15. Inherited disease, such as mucopolysaccharidosis, is manifested in metabolic disorders of connective tissue, bone and joint pathologies. The sign of this disease is the excessive urinary excretion of the following substance:

1. Lipids
2. Amino acids
3. Urea
4. Glycosaminoglycans *
5. Glucose

16. A 50-year old patient with food poisoning is on a drip of 10 % glucose solution. It does not provide the body with necessary energy only, but also performs the function of detoxification by the production of a metabolite that participates in the following conjugation reaction:

A. Glucuronidation *

B. Hydroxylation

C. Methylation

D. Sulfation

E. Glycosylation

17. Diseases of the respiratory system and circulatory disorders impair the transport of oxygen, thus leading to hypoxia. Under these conditions the energy metabolism is carried out by anaerobic glycolysis. As a result, the following substance is generated and accumulated in blood:

1. Fumaric acid
2. Pyruvic acid
3. Glutamic acid
4. Citric acid
5. Lactic acid *

17. Pancreas is known as a missed gland. Endocrine functions include production of insulin by beta cells. This hormone affects the metabolism of carbohydrates. What is its effect upon the activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glycogen synthase (GS)?

It does not affect the activity of GP and GS

*It suppresses GP and stimulates GS

It stimulates GP and suppresses GS

It suppresses both GP and GS

It stimulates both GP and GS

18. A child has a history of hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, seizures, especially on an empty stomach, and in stressful situations. The child is diagnosed with Gierke’s disease. This disease is caused by the generic defect of the following enzyme:

Glucokinase

Glycogen phosphorulase

Amyloid-1,6-glycosidase

Phosphoglucomutase

*Glucose-6-phosphatase

19. Prolonged fasting causes hypoglycemia which is amplified by alcohol consumption, as the following process is inhibited:

Proteolysis

Glycogenolysis

*Gluconeogenesis

Lipolysis

Glycolysis

20. It has been found out that one of pesticide components is sodium arsenate that blocks lipoic acid. What enzyme activity is impaired by this pesticide?

Glutathione reductase

*Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Glutathione peroxidase

Methemoglovin reductase

Microsomal oxidation

21. Characteristic sign of glycogenosis is muscle pain during physical work. Blood examination usually reveals hypoglycemia. This pathology is caused by congenital deficiency of the following enzyme:

Lysosomal glycosidase*

Gamma-amylase

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glycogen phosphorylase

Glucose-6-phosphatase

22. Untrained people often have muscle pain after sprints as a result of lactate accumulation. This can be caused by intensification of the following process:

Glycolysis*

Gluconeogenesis

Pentose phosphate pathway

Lipogenesis

Glycogenesis

23. When blood circulation in the damaged tissue is restored, lactate accumulation stops and glucose consumption decelerates these metabolic changes are caused by activation of the following process:

Gluconeogenesis*

Aerobic glycolysis

Glycogen biosynthesis

Anaerobic glycolysis

Lipolysis

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 1456