GREENHOUSE EFFECT CONFIRMED BY SATELLITE

Researchers in Britain say they have new evidence that greenhouse gases are building up in the atmosphere. The evidence comes for the first time not from measurements on Earth itself, but from satellites in space. It shows a big increase over the past thirty years in such gases as methane and carbon dioxide.

These gases have been widely blamed for causing global warming by impeding the escape of heat into space. The scientists from Imperial College in London say the study contains no evidence on whether Earth's surface temperature is actually increasing.

(“Bio-tech Century”, January 2004)

Very often people, suffering from severe headaches, name sun activity the main cause of their bad condition. Is this the only harm done by the Sun?

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THE SUN AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Natural processes involving changes in the Sun could have at least as powerful an effect on global temperature as increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Climate scientists have already looked at changes related to Sun spot activity - a cycle of approximately 11 years - and long-term changes in the Sun's brightness, which has a cycle that lasts for centuries. They have discounted the effect of both on the temperature increase over the last century because they either happen over too short a timescale, or they are too weak.

But so far they have omitted to take two other factors into account:

• Changes in the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun affect the ozone layer. This is a very important part of the atmosphere where lots of chemical reactions take place that govern the way the rest of the atmosphere works;

• The Sun's magnetic field and solar wind - mainly in the form of electrons and protons coming out of the Sun - protects the entire Solar System by acting as a sort of shield from cosmic rays (radiation from outer space).

This shield does not stop all the cosmic rays from getting though, and its effectiveness varies with the long-term changes in the activity of the Sun, which can rise and fall on a timescale of centuries.

Cloud cover.

One of the effects that cosmic rays have is to influence how cloudy the Earth is. So if the Sun undergoes long-term changes in activity - which it does - the amount of cosmic rays reaching the Earth will also vary over the same timescale, and so will the planet's overall cloudiness.

The amount of cloud affects the amount of radiation from the Sun reaching the planet surface, which in turn affects the global temperature. Data collected from satellites show that the amount of low clouds over the Earth closely follows the amount of cosmic rays reaching the Earth. The resulting warming due to this effect over the last century could be comparable to the amount of warming people think has been due to the greenhouse effect.

Add to that the other effects due to the Sun, and greenhouse gases become less than 50% responsible for rising global temperatures.

Little effect.

The other side of this coin is that reducing greenhouse emissions will have much less effect in halting rising temperatures than some people think, and it might have hardly any effect at all.

The energy emitted from the Sun drives the climate system, and natural changes in its behaviour can have a far greater effect than human behaviour. Thus, some people may ask: "So why bother worrying about greenhouse gases, and adding billions to the costs of industry to force them to cut emissions, when it could well be a pointless exercise?"

If the Sun is indeed the main contributor to the recent climate change, the money may be better spent providing clean air in big cities and clean drinking water to the Third World.

("The Ecologist". February 2004)

LESSON 5

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Read the text, define its main idea. Comment on the following facts.

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 1728