Herediatery Spherocytosis

-A chronic mild hemolysis (autosomal dominant disorder) with spherocytes,jaundice and splenomegaly from a defect in the red cell membrane

-Hemolysis occurs in the spleen,there is often splenomegaly and jaundice

-Severe anemia occasionally occurs from folate deficiency or parvovirus B19 infection such as in sickle cell diease.Bilirubin stones often occur,leading to cholecystitis,often at a young age

-Treatment :

.folate replacement

.with more severe anemia,removal of the spleen

**Aplastic anemia (Normocytic anemia)

-Failure of all 3 cell lines production in the bone marrow resulting in anemia,leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (pancytopenia)

-Causes :

.exposure to certain chemicals, drugs, radiation (chloramphenicol, carbamazepine, felbamate, phenytoin, quinine, and phenylbutazone)

.infection (viral hepatitis)

.immune disease

.heredity

.exposure to toxins such as benzene

.erythema infectiosum

.fanconi anemia

.insecticides

-Symptoms & Signs :

.Anemia with malaise, pallor and associated symptoms such as palpitations

.Thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts), leading to increased risk of hemorrhage, bruising and petechiae

.Leukopenia (low white blood cell count), leading to increased risk of infection

.Reticulocytopenia (low counts of reticulocytes, that is, immature red blood cells)

-Diagnosis :

.pancytopenia on a CBC in th 1^st test

.bone marrow biopsy

-Treatment :

.bone marrow transplantation

**ACUTE LEUKEMIA

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia AML

-Is more common in children .

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ALL

-Is more common in a dults.Is more often associated with infiltration of other organs / Most patients will have anemia / Most patients will have thrombocytopenia / Spleen is generally enlarged / Leukemic lymphocytes in blood smear are present / Bone marrow is essential for the diagnosis

**CHRONIC LEUKEMIA

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia CML

-Is a cancer of the white blood cells.It is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulation of these cells in the blood

-It is more common in males than in females,and appears more common in the elderly with a median age at diagnosis of 65 years

-Symptoms & Signs :

.elevated white blood cell count

.enlarged spleen and liver

.bleeding, petechiae and ecchymosis

.fever, bone pain

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia CLL

-Massive overproduction of mature,but still leukemic,lymphocytes

-CLL can be associated with various autoimmune phenomena such as thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia

-Symptoms & Signs :

.fatigue

.lethargy

.uncomfortable enlargement of lymph nodes

.bleeding and infection are Unussual presentation of the disease

-Stages :

.stage 0 (lymphocytosis alone)

.stage 1 (lymphadenopathy)

.stage 2 (splenomegaly)

.stage 3 (anemia)

.stage 4 (thrombocytopenia)

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 473