Loan-words learnt in a purely oral manner, brought as a result of early Roman commercial penetration:
geographical names ending in ~chester (castrum=fortified camp): Manchester, Gloucester, Lancaster;ass, mule, colony, cook, mill, cup, pepper, pear, kettle, chest, dish, mile, pea, plum, street, beet, wall, wine;~monger (mango‟) fishmonger, ironmonger, costermonger, warmonger
Later Latin Loans
Borrowed in the seventh century when the people of England were converted to Christianity: altar, chapter, candle, creed, cross, feast, disciple, school, fault, mass, monk, sacrifice.
Names of the materials brought: marble, chalk, linen. General: month, basket, letter, dish, window, lily, organ, pike, plant, pearl, palm, pine, elephant, rose, library, choir, decline, dolphin, grammar, hymn, mechanical, peach, philosopher, fiddle.
The Latin of the third period
Norman conquest in 1066 plus Renaissance brought Latin loans through French:
taken from Latin without change erratum, animal, antenna, genius, fungus, stimulus, omnibus, nucleus, radius, datum, formula, index, radix, series, species, alibi, item, dictum, maximum, minimum, superior, anterior, posterior, prior, inferior, senior, junior;
administration and law alias, arbitrator, client, conspiracy, conviction, custody, gratis, homicide, implement, incumbent, legal, legitimate, memorandum, pauper, prosecute, proviso, summary, suppress, testify, testimony;
science and learning allegory, comet, contradiction, desk, discuss, dislocate, equator, essence, explicit, formal, genius, history, index, inferior, innumerable, intellect, item, library, magnify, major, minor, notary, prosody, recipe, scribe, simile, solar;
religion immortal, incarnate, mediator, memento, pulpit, requiem, scripture;
general admit, adjacent, anatomy, collision, combine, conclude, conductor, contempt, depression, distract,
Abstract and scientific words (adopted through writing)
of the international character.
Abbreviations:
e.g. for example i.e. that is to say a.m. before noon v.v. the opposite viz. in other words etc. and so on
cf. compare
et seq. and the following id(em) the same
ib., ibid., ibidem in the same place p.a., per a. per annum
pct. per cent
op. cit. a work cited
per pro by proxy, by attorney q.l. as much as you like
s.f. by the end
qu. as ifsc, scil. namely
Greek
Brought through Latin:
scientific and technical terms histology, physics, psychiatry; a number of proper names George, Eugene, Helene, Sophie, Peter, Nicholas, Theodor; linguistic terms antonym, archaism, dialect, etymology, euphemism, homonym, homophone, hyperbole, idiom, lexicology, metaphor, metonymy, neologism, polysemy, synecdoche, synonym; general analysis, comedy, democrat, dialogue, episode, gymnastics, problem, rhythm, scheme, scene, tragedy, roots in compounds auto~, chroma~, ge~, ~logos,~phone, tele~.
