A quotation of 40 words or more

Various measures are already taken to reduce city-centre congestion, but these alone may have little noticeable impact:

Sophisticated traffic management systems can increase efficiency in the use of road spaces and the number of vehicles using road systems without congestion. But, increasingly, even if the incorporation of these advances was accelerated, it is seen as insufficient as the sheer volume of cars, trucks and other motorized vehicles overwhelms cities. (Newman, 1999)

Alternative approaches include initiatives aimed at reducing dependence on vehicle transport.

A direct quotation within a direct quotation

As stated by Adams (1999), "internationally, the dominant definition of sustainable development has undoubtedly been that of the Brundtland Report: 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs' (Brundtland, 1987, p. 45)."

Paraphrasing or summarizing

Summarize or paraphrase the writer's ideas and put the author's surname and date of publication in brackets at the end of the sentence.

Since the cultural values of any society have an effect on how the people of that culture interact, sociocultural norms determine linguistic production, as well as limit how it is produced (Gumperz, 1989).

Refer directly to the author in the text and put the publication date in brackets.

According to Gumperz (1989), since the cultural values of any society have an effect on how the people of that culture interact, sociocultural norms determine linguistic production, as well as limit how it is produced. Cottrell (2008) states that ...

Refer to the author directly and put his/her surname and the publication date in brackets at the end of the sentence.

According to Cottrell, there are seven approaches to learning which can make it more productive (Cottrell, 2008).

Internet sources

As with printed sources, when referencing an Internet source within a text, you need the author's surname and date. In this case, the date used refers to when the website was most recently updated. In some cases, the information may have been put up by an organization, with no single author's name. If this is the case, you should include the name of the organization within your written text, i.e., organization and date. You should not include the website address in your main text; this goes in the bibliography.

The UK Government view on the use of natural resources is that it is possible to continue using them, but at the same time the development of alternative sources such as renewable energy should be considered (UK Government, 2003).

Exercise 9. Discuss the following statement with a partner. Think of reasons why this is good advice and list them below.

If you cannot find either an author or source on the website, you should not use it in your work. You should also check when the source was most recently updated.

Exercise 10. Read the text below and uncover the ways of avoiding plagiarism.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the presentation of another person's work, ideas, or creations as your own, without acknowledging where those ideas came from. In other words - you take credit for someone else's work. In academic writing, this is the same as cheating on an exam.

Specifically, plagiarism is:

• copying phrases and passages word-for-word without quotation marks and without a reference to the author; this includes but is not limited to books, journals, reports, theses, websites, conference papers and course notes

• paraphrasing an author's work and presenting it without a reference; this includes but is not limited to sentences, paragraphs, ideas and themes

• copying any part of another students' work

• submitting items of assessment that are written in conjunction with other students (without prior permission of the relevant staff member)

• submitting a piece of work has already been submitted for assessment in another course

• presenting other people's designs and images as your own work

• submitting work as your own that someone else has done for you.

If you have used someone else's work without acknowledging your source, you have plagiarised.

Plagiarism can sometimes be the result of poor note taking, or paraphrasing without properly citing the reference.

Exercise 11. Scan the text to answer the questions.

1. If the ideas are put into the writer's own words, is it still necessary to clog up the pages with all those names and numbers?

2. If the writer of a scientific paper didn't know anything about the subject until he/she started this paper, is it required to give an acknowledgement for every point he/she makes?

3. How can what's the writer's own idea and what has come from somebody else be told in a scientific paper?

4. What exactly should be documented?

	Exercise 12. Complete the instruction with the words from the box.
	bibliography paraphrase parenthetical plagiarizing citing research quotation

Date: 2016-04-22; view: 888