Syntactical EM based on the violation of word order of elements of the neutral syntactic model.

Inversion is the violation of the fixed word order within an English sentence. There are two major kinds of inversion:

1. that one which results in the change of the grammatical meaning of a syntactic structure, i.e. grammatical inversion (exclamatory and interrogative sentences), and

2. that one which results in adding to a sentence an emotive and emphatic colouring, i.e. stylistic inversion, e.g. And the palm-trees I like them not (A.Christie).

Inversion may be of two types:

1) complete, i.e. comprising the principal parts of the sentence, e.g. From behind me came Andrews voice (S. Chaplin);

2) partial, i.e. influencing the secondary parts of the sentence, e.g. Straight into the arms of the police they will go (A.Christie).

Separation or syntactical split is the splitting of a noun phrase by the attribute adjunct which is removed from the word it modifies. Stylistically, syntactical split is used to emphasise the phrase which was separated, e.g. He had never seen the truth before, about anything (R. Warren).

Detachment is a separation of a secondary part of the sentence with the aim of emphasising it, e.g. Formidable and ponderous, counsel for the defence arose (A.Christie).

Detachment is to be regarded as a special kind of inversion, when some parts of the sentence are syntactically separated from its other members with which they are grammatically and logically connected.

Syntactic SD based on the interaction of several syntactic constructions within the utterance.

Parallelism is a repetition in close succession of the constructions formed by a similar syntactical pattern. Like inversion, parallelism may be complete and partial. Complete parallelism is observed when the syntactical pattern of the sentence that follows is completely similar to the proceeding one, e.g. He door-bell didn't ring. His telephonebell didn't ring (D. Hammett).

Parallelism is considered to be partial when either the beginning or the end of several neighbouring sentences are structurally similar, e.g. / want to see the Gorgensens together at home, I want to see Macawlay, and I want to see Studsy Burke (D.Hammett).

Chiasmus (reversed parallelism) is a kind of parallelism where the word order of the sentence or clause that follows becomes inverted, e.g. He sat and watched me, I sat and watched him (D.Hammett).

The main stylistic function of chiasmus is to emphasise this or that part of the utterance , to break the rhythm and monotony of parallelism, e.g. Guild waited for me to say something, I waited for him (D. Hammett).

Anaphora is a repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences, e.g. Ergo, she didn't. Ergo, there never was such a bet. Ergo, Beresford was lying. Ergo, Beresford wanted to get hold of those chocolates for some reason other than he stated (A.Berkley).

Anaphora contributes greatly to creating a certain rhythm of the narrative.

Epiphora is the repetition of the final words or word-groups in succeeding sentences or clauses, e.g. / come to you on the level. Studsy says you are on the level. Be on the level (D. Hammett).

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1478