Further instructions to bank (or exporter)

68. A certificate of inspection from our agents, Messrs... . must also be produced by the sellers before the draft is honoured.

69. Please open a credit of £2,000 in favour of the Atlantic Trading Co., available to them at 30 d/s in respect of 3 shipments of leather goods as specified on the attached sheet. The beneficiaries are to draw on you for each shipment as these are effected, and the documents required are bills of lading (2), commercial invoices (5), insurance policy, consular invoice and certificate of origin in respect of each shipment.

70. Kindly see that the insurance policy gives the full cover asked for in our letter, before accepting the draft.

71. The forwarding agent's receipt will be acceptable as evidence of shipment in this case and payment may be made on production of this document by the beneficiary.

72. It will be in order to extend the validity of the L/C until 31 December.

73. As we have placed a further order with our suppliers will you please increase the credit to £1,250 in accordance with attached instructions.

CHAPTER 8.

INSURANCE.

Insurance has become more and more important as commerce has developed. The idea of insurance is to obtain indemnity in the event of any happening that may cause loss of money; insurance is against risk. Dancers, for example, may insure their legs, singers their voices, and musicians their hands: indeed, these days it is possible to insure against almost any eventuality that may cause loss of one kind or another.

A somewhat different kind of insurance provides for money to be paid to a person at a certain age as an income or as a lump sum, or to be paid to the person's heirs on his or her death: this is life insurance, now generally known in Britain as assurance.

It is not possible in this book to go into the various forms of insurance for private individuals, and we will concern ourselves only with the insurance of goods.

Goods are normally insured for the full amount of their value, which is calculated as: cost of goods + amount of freight + insurance premium + a percentage of the total sum to represent a reasonable profit for the seller.

While goods are being stored—in a warehouse, for example—the insurance usually covers the risks of fire and burglary, and other risks may also be covered. As soon as the goods are in transit, in other words being moved from one place to another, they are insured against the same risks. The term warehoused or in transit means that the goods are insured whether they are in a warehouse or in process of being moved.

The usual procedure is to insure against all risks. This involves a W.A. clause (with average clause, explained below).

The word average as used in insurance means damage (it is derived from the French word avarie). With average means that the insurers pay claims for partial losses, whereas free of particular average (p.p.a.) means that partial losses are not covered by the insurance.

Particular average means partial loss or damage accidentally caused to the ship or to a particular lot of goods. Particular average must be borne by the owners of the property suffering the loss, and is distinct from general average, which is distributed over the whole ship, freight and cargo. If, for example, some of the cased cycles, the subject of letter no. 1, Chapter 8, become corroded by sea-water a particular average loss has occurred.

General average means any extraordinary loss, damage or expenditure incurred for the purpose of preserving all the interests imperilled—the ship, the cargo and the freight: these are said to form a common adven­ture. A general average sacrifice is when cargo has to be jettisoned, that means thrown into the sea, to lighten the ship; when cargo is damaged by water used to put out a fire; the cost of towing a ship into port for repair, etc. General average is, in fact, the application of the principle: 'that which is sacrificed for all is borne in proportion by all interested in the adventure'. It is older than insurance.

The York-Antwerp Rules: In earlier times there was some conflict between the law of one maritime country and another concerning gen­eral average, so a code was drawn up called the York-Antwerp Rules, and this is amended from time to time.

INSURERS

Insurers is the name given to the people who undertake to indemnify the insured—that is to say the owners of the goods, whether sellers or buyers, who pay what is called a premium to the insurers.

The insurers are also called underwriters, and are said to underwrite the proportion of the indemnification they are prepared to bear. (The word originated with the insurer's signature under—now usually beside—the proportion he agreed to pay.)

The insurers are either companies, like other business firms, or they belong to the famous organisation of lloyd's. This is a very old society that started in London in the eighteenth century; the members operate as individuals and their liability cannot be limited. (See page 134 for the history of Lloyd's.)

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 885