Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial intelligence versus computational intelligence

• Capabilities and limitations: for example, learning to identify human emotions, evaluation of living things and machines (intuition, prior knowledge, judgment)

• AI techniques: searching, pattern recognition, face recognition, speech recognition

• Fuzzy logic

• Machine learning: can machines become independent?

• Natural language communication and translators

• Neural networks: similarity to biological systems

• Expert Systems : An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert, e.g. for medical diagnosis

Neural networks(for more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eE_DTWoOKka)
traditionally used to refer to a network of biological neurons. The term neural network is used to refer to artificial neural networks.

· Biological neural networks consist of real biological neurons that are connected to the central nervous system.

· Artificial neural networks consist of interconnecting artificial neurons (they mimic the properties of biological neurons). These networks may be used for solving AI problems without creating a model of a real biological system.

Expert Systems (the main article of this Unit is Larichev et al, 2001)

http://www.raai.org/library/papers/Larichev/Larichev_Asanov_Naryzhny_Strahov_2001.pdf)
An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence software.
Expert systems are often used to advise non-experts in situations where a human expert is not available e.g. medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis (mechanics), financial management advice etc.

Face recognition

What is fuzzy logic? (The main video https://sjhobbs.wikispaces.com/Robotics,+AI+and+Expert+System)
Fuzzy logic is basically a way to program machines so they look at the world in a more human way, with degrees of truth. Instead of cold, hard parameters and strict data sets, fuzzy logic assumes a more practical approach. Using numbers, it incorporates non-definitive words like "slightly" or "almost" into its decision-making processes.

Task 2. Read Topic 2 & 3 extracts and translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.The famous astrophysicist said he believed technology would eventually become self-aware and supersede humanity, as it developed faster than biological evolution.

2. Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

3. Hawking now uses a system that incorporates predictive text, allowing him to type twice as quickly as before and send emails ten times faster. “Medicine has not been able to cure me, so I rely on technology to help me communicate and live,” he said.

Topic 2. Artificial Intelligence: moral issues

Artificial intelligence could spell end of human race – Stephen Hawking

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/dec/02/stephen-hawking-intel-communication-system-astrophysicist-software-predictive-text-type - reading

http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30326384 -a video

In a December interview, Professor Hawking went further. “The primitive forms of artificial intelligence we already have have proved very useful. But I think the development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.” The famous astrophysicist said he believed technology would eventually become self-aware and supersede humanity, as it developed faster than biological evolution. Hawking – who as a result of his motor neuron disease is almost totally paralyzed – also spoke of how he had received a “life-changing upgrade” to the computer software that allows him to communicate.

Topic 3. Robotics: key concepts

The field of robotics is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation and navigation, with sub-problems of localization (knowing where you are, or finding out where other things are), mapping (learning what is around you, building a map of the environment), and motion planning(figuring out how to get there) or path planning (going from one point in space to another point, which may involve compliant motion – where the robot moves while maintaining physical contact with an object)

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlufiVu0imw)

These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, and/or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

Task 3. In pairs or small groupsdiscuss the issues raised in Topic 4:

1. What human functions are robots already undertaking in medicine, the military, industry and the home? Think of examples and say if you personally had something done by robots.

2. How could jobs performed by robots change or expand in the future?

3. Do you think that replacing people with robots in the workplace has social and economic effects? If yes, what are they?

4. Would you mind being operated by a surgeon robot? Would you mind have a robotic au-pair for your disabled relative?

5. Would you like to have an artificial pet?

6. Could you totally rely on a robotic device in an emergency situation?

7. What are the three laws of robotics (A Asimov)? Would they work?

Home task. Watch the film” Artificial Intelligence” at home.

1. Where is the scene set? What happened to the Earth? What were the consequences?

2. Who are featured more moral – people or robots? Give your reasons.

3. Do you think that robots have rights? If so, what are they and how they be protected?

4. What moral issues does the film rise?

5. Can you make a situation for the panel discussion out of the film?

Topic 4. Robotics: moral issues

“Robots such as Honda's Asimo will never fully replace human beings?”

You will need to think about the main areas where a Robot could undertake human functions, e.g.

• Medicine
• The Military
• Industry
• The Home

Social / Ethical Issues

• Effects of replacing people in with robots in the workplace (social and economic)
• Using robots in situations that might endanger human beings: ethical decisions
• Social impact of human interaction with robots: artificial pets, robots for the disabled and elderly
• Robots in medicine: robotic surgery, computer-controlled prostheses (social impact and ethical considerations)
• Reliability of robotic devices, particularly in life-threatening situations

Robot rights

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein considers a key issue in the ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human? The idea also appears in modern science fiction, such as the film A.I.: Artificial Intelligence, in which humanoid machines have the ability to feel emotions (see Isskusstvennyj. Razum video)

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1768