1. .. is a colloquialism that was used during World War I to refer to Australian-born people of British or Irish ancestry.
a) Asian
b) Aussie
c) British
d) Irish
2. Initially used to describe a happy-go-lucky character capable of battling through hard times, the term Aussie was employed after .. to distinguish those born domestically from new immigrants from western and southern Europe. The term continues to have meaning as a label for Australians representing their country.
a) World War 1
b) Independence War
c) Civil War
d) World War II
3. Among some sectors of society, .. is regarded as Eurocentric and anachronistic in a nation officially committed to ethnic and racial inclusiveness.
a) Asian
b) Aussie
c) British
d) Irish
4. The name Australia was formally adopted and popularized in 1817 by the of the colony of New South Wales.
a) British governor
b) Irish governor
c) British mayor
d) Australian mayor
5. The name Australia was suggested in 1814 and derives from the Latin terra australis incognita ( .) which had been used by mapmakers for centuries before European colonization.
a) the unknown north land
b) the unknown south land
c) the known north land
d) the known south land
6. Since its days as a ..Australia has developed a complex national culture with immigrants from many parts of the world as well as an indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population.
a) German colony
b) English colony
c) American colony
d) British colony
7. For much of the nations Australian history, there has been a focus on assimilating different cultural groups into the dominant .. traditions; however, in the early 1970s a more pluralist policy of multiculturalism came to prominence.
a) British Australian
b) English Australian
c) American Australian
d) Irish Australian
8. Australia is an island continent in the Southern Hemisphere, lying between Antarctica and ..
a) Europe
b) America
c) Asia
d) Africa
9. Australia is surrounded by ..to the west; the Timor, Arafura, and Coral Seas to the north; the Pacific Ocean to the east; and the Tasman Sea and Southern Ocean to the south.
a) the Atlantic Ocean
b) the Arctic Ocean
c) the Red Sea
d) the Indian Ocean
10. The capital city of Australia, .., is located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The ACT was created in 1909, and the city was designed by an American landscape architect in 1912.
Melbourne
a) Sydney
b) Melbourne
c) Canberra
d) Brisbane
11. The dominant language since colonization of Australia has been .. , with little multi-linguism among the majority population. Nevertheless, both the diverse Aboriginal groups and many immigrants continue to use other languages.
a) English
b) French
c) German
d) Australian
12. .. probably originated as a combination of British regional dialects used by groups of convicts and others who came to the colonies.
a) Australian English
b) Australian French
c) American English
d) Austrian English
13. The flag of .. is dark blue with the British Union Jack in the upper left corner, the seven pointed white Commonwealth star below the Union Jack, and to the right five white stars representing the Southern Cross constellation.
a) England
b) Ireland
c) Australia
d) Britain
14. The national animal emblem is the kangaroo, the floral emblem is the golden wattle tree, and the national colors are .. and gold.
a) blue
b) yellow
c) brown
d) green
15. The national coat of arms is a shield supported by a ..and an emu amid branches of wattle.
a) bear
b) alligator
c) kangaroo
d) monkey
16. Flora and fauna native to the continent, such as the kangaroo, koala, emu, and .., are symbols of the national ethos, especially in international and national contexts.
a) wattle
b) banana
c) pine apple
d) thistle
17. The involvement of Australian and ..(Anzac) troops in World War I has been characterized as the symbolic birth of the nation.
a) German
b) Japanese
c) British
d) New Zealand
18. The first migrants were the .., attracted by the 1850s and 1860s gold rushes. Fear of miscegenation and xenophobia and the consequent race riots resulted in restrictive legislation against the importation of Pacific and Chinese labor.
a) Chinese
b) Irish
c) Indians
d) British
19. The Federation of States in 1901 coincided with the implementation of one of the most influential governmental policies affecting the development of the national culture: ...
a) The Immigration Development Act
b) The Immigration Restriction Law
c) The Immigration Restriction Agreement
d) The Immigration Restriction Act
20. The .. was aimed primarily at combating the perceived yellow peril represented by immigrants from neighboring Asian countries.
a) Yellow Australia Policy
b) White Australia Policy
c) White British Policy
d) Yellow British Policy
21. ..is the national culture related most closely to Australia. The citizens have special entry rights, and there have been large population flows in both directions.
a) Britain
b) China
c) Japan
d) New Zealand
22. The cities of Australia are characterized by .. and dependence on private cars. In recent decades there has been increased innercity redevelopment aimed at attracting locals and tourists to central public shopping and recreational areas.
a) highdensity housing
b) lowdensity housing
c) middledensity housing
d) talldensity housing
23. Major development projects of Australia are celebrated as national achievements, especially the .. and Ord River schemes, which were constructed from the 1950s to the 1970s to bring irrigated water to agricultural areas.
a) Icy Slopes
b) Snowy Peaks
c) Icy Mountains
d) Snowy Mountains
24. The ..project generates hydroelectric power and is regarded as the nations greatest engineering feat.
a) Icy Slopes
b) Snowy Peaks
c) Icy Mountains
d) Snowy Mountains
25. Before colonization, Aboriginal peoples were sustained by a diverse range of flora and fauna. The early settlers primarily consumed meat (at first native animals, later beef and mutton), bread, and vegetables, particularly ...
a) tomatoes
b) cucumbers
c) potatoes
d) onions
26. Nearly all regularly eaten foodsexcept seafood were introduced after .. settlement in Australia.
a) European
b) American
c) Asian
d) African
27. However, there have been considerable changes in food preference patterns. In the 1940s ..began to decline, poultry consumption increased dramatically after the 1960s, and there has been a doubling of seafood consumption since the 1930s
a) meat consumption
b) fruit consumption
c) vegetable consumption
d) bread consumption
28. Since ..the diet has become highly diversified. Each wave of immigrants has had an impact, including German, Italian, Greek, Lebanese, Jewish, and Southeast Asian foods and cooking styles. Olive and vegetable oils have replaced dripping and lard, and items such as garlic and Asian condiments are used more commonly.
a) World War II
b) Civil War
c) World War I
d) Patriotic War
29. Australian chefs are known worldwide for their fusion cuisine, a blending of European cooking traditions with ..flavors and products.
a) African
b) American
c) Mediterranean
d) Asian
30. Australians are among the world leaders in .. consumption. Burger and chicken chain stores are prominent in the suburbs, having displaced the traditional meat pies and fish and chips.
a) home made
b) frozen food
c) fast-food
d) canned food
31. While Australians were long known as tea drinkers, coffee and .. have become increasingly popular.
a) liquor
b) juice
c) wine
d) whiskey
32. Before World War II Australians drank about twenty times more ..than wine; ..consumption remains high, but wine drinking has increased at a much greater rate, and the country has become a significant exporter of wine.
a) coffee
b) tea
c) juice
d) beer
33. .. is usually celebrated as it is in Britain, with roast turkey, ham, and roast vegetables followed by a steamed fruit pudding. However, there is an increasing tendency to involve a light seafood meal, and barbecues are becoming popular as well.
a) Easter
b) New Year
c) Christmas
d) Boxing Day
34. Instead of pudding, many people have ice cream cakes or cold desserts such as pavlova (made from egg whites and sugar). Some people celebrate ., using the coldest month of the year to enjoy the hot dinner of a traditional Christmas.
a) Christmas in May
b) Christmas in August
c) Christmas in June
d) Christmas in July
35. After forty years of settlement, when there was little scope for industrial or commercial enterprises, the pastoral industry became a key force in economic development. In particular, growth in the ..was associated with advances in the rest of the economy.
a) wool industry
b) silk industry
c) cotton industry
d) linen industry
36. .. surpassed wool as the nations major export in the 1850s and 1860s, resulting in a rapid expansion of banking and commerce.
a) silver
b) bronze
c) gold
d) emerald
37. After the war exports consisted mainly of primary commodities such as wool, wheat, coal, and metals. High tariffs and other controls were imposed on most ...
a) exported goods
b) imported goods
c) rented goods
d) local goods
38. The government continues to be involved in the operation of some public enterprises, including railways, electricity, and post offices and telecommunications. There remains a government interest in the ..
a) Bank of England
b) National Bank
c) International Bank
d) Commonwealth Bank
39. Australia is highly integrated into the global capitalist economy. Since World War II, much trade has been redirected from Britain and Europe to the Asia-Pacific region, especially ..
a) Japan
b) New Zealand
c) China
d) India
40. When the British took control of the continent in 1788, they deemed it terra nullius ( .. ).
a) land that was owned
b) land that was not owned
c) land that was not captured
d) land that was captured
41. According to British law all Australian land was the property of the ...
a) People
b) Government
c) Parliament
d) Crown
42. In the last two decades of the eighteenth century, land grants were made to emancipated convicts, free settlers, marines, and officers. Land was available to anyone prepared to employ and feed the convicts who were assigned to it as ..
a) owners
b) slaves
c) peasants
d) servants
43. Land is held as freehold (privately owned through purchase), leasehold (pastoralists and others are given special usage rights for a specified numbers of years), national parks, and Crown Land, which effectively remains under the control of the ...
a) church
b) government
c) landowners
d) capitalists
44. In 1992 a new form of rights in land was legally recognized ..as a form of continuing Aboriginal and islander connection with the land.
a)island title
b) land title
c) native title
d) foreign title
45. To the extent that a system of ..can be shown to have continued from the time of European establishment of sovereignty, these groups can make claims to their traditional lands.
a) indigenous customary law
b) indigenous criminal law
c) indigenous civil law
d) indigenous juvenile law
46. The economy is strong in the ..in relation to goods-producing industries.
a) agricultural sector
b) industrial sector
c) construction sector
d) service sector
47. Service industries include (wholesale trade, retail trade, accommodation, cafe´s and restaurants, and transport and storage) and communication and business services (communications, finance and insurance, and property services).
a) manufacturing industries
b) construction industries
c) fishing industries
d) distribution industries
48. In 1996 and 1997, ..was the most significant sector. Wholesale trade was the only other industry to contribute over 10 percent of GDP
a) agricultural sector
b) industrial sector
c) construction sector
d) manufacturing sector
49. In order of economic significance, Australias current major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, United Kingdom, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand. Australia is one of the worlds largest exporters of wool, meat, and wheat and a major supplier of sugar, dairy products, fruits, cotton, and ...
a) samolina
b) porridge
c) farina
d) rice
50. Major .. imports include passenger motor vehicles, telecommunications equipment, and crude petroleum oils.
a) Britains
b) Frances
c) Australias
d) Germans
51.There has been considerable upward socioeconomic mobility in Australia, but there is some inequality in the distribution of work. ..has been a problem in recent years, and for some people only part-time or casual employment is available.
a) political strikes
b) stability
c) employment
d) unemployment
52. .. is a major problem in some regions of Australia.
a) Youth unemployment
b) Youth employment
c) Adult unemployment
d) Adult employment
53. Australia is increasingly shifting toward an information economy that relies on a ...
a) high-skill base
b) low-skill base
c) unskilled base
d) manual-skill base
54. Highly skilled managers, medical practitioners, teachers, computer professionals, and electricians have ..of unemployment in Australia.
a) the highest risk
b) no risk
c) the lowest risk
d) much risk
55. The three main social classes in Australia are .., the middle class, and the upper class, but the boundaries between these groups are a matter of debate.
a) the peasants
b) the working class
c) the students
d) the scientists
56. Australia is a ..based on the British system of government. Federal, state, and territorial elections are held every three or four years.
a) parliamentary democracy
b) parliamentary monarchy
c) constitutional democracy
d) constitutional monarchy
57. Voting is compulsory at the ..but not at the local government level. There are two houses of the federal and state parliaments except in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and the Australian Capital Territory.
a) municipal level
b) state level
c) federal level
d) federal and state levels
58. Core features of the political party system of Australia derive from .. arrangements that followed the federation of the states into a commonwealth.
a) early twentieth-century
b) early ninetieth-century
c) late twentieth-century
d) late ninetieth-century
59. There are two major political parties: the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the ... The National Party (formerly the Country Party) allies itself with the conservative Liberal Party.
a) Labour Pary
b) Conservative Party
c) Communist Party
d) Liberal Party
60. The large political parties of Australia are the Australian Democrats and the ...
a) Red Party
b) Brown Party
c) Green Party
d) Blue Party
61. Since federation, the constitution has been changed only reluctantly through referenda. In 1999 there was a vote rejecting the proposition that Australia become ........ , ceasing to have an office of governor-general as a representative of the
British monarch and thus as the titular head of state.
a) a kingdom
b) a monarchy
c) a republic
d) a union
62. Some argue that the society is already a de facto ..since the constitution has entrenched the primacy of popular sovereignty. The British Union Jack on the flag is for some people an acknowledgment of historical ties with Britain, while for others it is a reason to change the constitution to emphasize the independence of the nation.
a) a kingdom
b) a monarchy
c) a republic
d) a union
63. There are ..of government leadership in Australia: the prime minister in the federal government, the state premiers, and the mayors in local government.
a) three levels
b) two levels
c) four levels
d) five levels
64. The judicial system of Australia is based on the ..of England.
a) civil law
b) criminal law
c) juvenile law
d) common law
65. The defense forces operate according to three basic priorities: defeating attacks from outside the country, defending the nations regional interests, and supporting a global security environment that discourages ...
a) national aggression
b) national strikes
c) international aggression
d) international peace
66. Australia has a volunteer army reserve but no national service requirement. There is a navy, an army, and an air force. ..of regular service positions are held by women.
a) Ten percent
b) Twelve percent
c) Forty percent
d) Five percent
67. The Defence Force has been called on frequently, to assist in international security and humanitarian crises in the Middle East, Namibia, and Cambodia as well as in humanitarian crises in Somalia and Rwanda. The most recent military activity has been peacekeeping in ...
a) China
b) Yugoslavia
c) Ukraine
d) East Timor
68. The .. also has played a key role in responding to major floods and fires, and its services are called on in search and rescue missions.
a) Defence Force
b) Navy
c) Army
d) Marine Force
69. The approach to social welfare is based on the notions of .. for all and egalitarianism.
a) a unfair go
b) a fair go
c) a fair walk
d) a unfair walk
70. A host of social welfare provisions have been enacted throughout the nations history. Australia was one of the first countries to give women the vote. It also was the first country to legislate a .. (in 1948).
a) sixty-six-hour working week
b) fifty-hour working week
c) thirty-hour working week
d) forty-hour working week
71. Most not-for-profit NGOs were created by .. to meet perceived needs or by community members to deal with a specific problem (Salvation Army, Brotherhood of Saint Lawrence, Care Australia).
a) amateur organizations
b) social organizations
c) religious organizations
d) trade-union organizations
72. The government encourages the existence of charitable NGOs through tax exemptions and ..of association and incorporation. Often, NGOs are established in response to immediate or emergency social problems.
a) liberal laws
b) criminal laws
c) strict laws
d) juvenile laws
73. British ideas and practices involving gender were imported with colonization. .. tend to be associated with the private sphere, unpaid work, and the home, while men tend to be associated with the public sphere, paid work, and the larger society.
a) children
b) peasants
c) women
d) pensioners
74. Traditionally, occupation has been sex-segregated, with ..predominating as domestics and in the caring professions, such as teaching and nursing.
a) children
b) men
c) women
d) pensioners
75. Many areas of social, economic, political, and religious life remain gendered, generally to the disadvantage of ..
a) children
b) men
c) women
d) pensioners
76. ..right to vote in federal elections was included in the constitution of 1901.
a) womens
b) mens
c) pensioners
d) employers
77. Nevertheless, the progress of ..in entering public office was slow. In 1995 their representation in local, state and federal government was around 20 percent.
a) children
b) men
c) women
d) pensioners
78. Divorce has been readily available since 1975 and involves little stigma. It requires a .-year separation period and occurs in approximately 40 percent of first marriages.
a) one
b) two
c) half a
d) five
79. If an individual in Australia dies without a valid will, the property is distributed to the spouse, then the children of the deceased, and then the parents and other kin. If there are no relatives, the property goes to the ...
a) church
b) government
c) Crown
d) mayor
80. In the past the values most prized in children in Australia were ..and deference, but today good parenting is commonly associated with having assertive and independent children.
a) obedience
b) disobedience
c) honesty
d) self-confidence
81. There are no formal initiation ceremonies for the national culture, in Australia although the ..often is celebrated as a rite of passage into adulthood.
a) sixteenth birthday
b) eighteenth birthday
c) twentieth birthday
d) twenty-first birthday
82. Access to high-quality education is considered the right of all citizens of Australia, and the government provides compulsory primary and secondary schooling for children between ages ...
a) six and fifteen
b) four and fourteen
c) five and sixteen
d) three and seventeen
83. Most schools in Australia are fully funded by the government. The remainder are nongovernment schools that receive nearly half their funding from fees and private sources such as ...
a) municipalities
b) social communities
c) social associations
d) religious associations
84. Attendance at nongovernment schools in Australia has been increasing since the 1970s because it is felt that independent schooling provides better educational and employment opportunities. Preschool centers are available for children younger than age ...
a) three
b) six
c) five
d) seven
85. Australian nongovernment schools are mainly ... Education is aimed at providing children with social and workplace skills.
a) Protestant
b) Buddhist
c) Catholic
d) Orthodox
86. A predominant image among Australians is that they are very casual, easygoing, and familiar. .. are used commonly as terms of address.
a) First names
b) Middle names
c) Second names
d) Last names
87. In Australia a .. is the most common way to greet a new acquaintance, and a hug, a kiss on the cheek, or a verbal greeting the most common way to greet a friend. The colloquialism, gday (good day), is considered the quintessential greeting.
a) smile
b) armshake
c) bow
d) handshake
88. Eye contact during conversation is considered ..among the general population; averting the eyes during conversation is considered a sign of respect among Aboriginal people of Australia.
a) polite
b) impolite
c) rude
d) offensive
89. The constitution guarantees religious freedom, and while there is no official national religion, Australia generally is described as a ..country.
a) Atheist
b) Protestant
c) Buddhist
d) Christian
90. British colonists brought the Anglican belief system in 1788, and three-quarters of the population continues to identify with some form of Christianity, predominantly the Catholic and .. faiths.
a) Anglican
b) Protestant
c) Buddhist
d) Orthodox
91. Extensive immigration has made ..one of the most religiously diverse societies in the world. Almost all faiths are represented, with significant numbers of Muslims, Buddhists, Jews, and Hindus. Many indigenous Australians have embraced Christianity, often as a result of their contact with missionaries and missions.
a) New Zealand
b) China
c) Australia
d) Britain
92. Religious alternatives such as spiritualism and Theosophy have had a small but steady presence since the 1850s. A growing set of beliefs is represented by the so-called .. , which arrived in the 1960s and evolved into the widespread alternative health and spirituality movement of the 1990s.
a) Old Age movement
b) New Century movement
c) New Millennium movement
d) New Age movement
93. There has been ..in regular church attendance among the younger generation of Christians, who tend to be critical of church policy and practice in Australia.
a) a decline
b) an increase
c) an interval
d) an acceleration
94.Most medical health care in Australia is subsidized or paid for by the ., for which a small levy is paid by all citizens.
a) government
b) church
c) municipality
d) social organizations
95. In Australia public hospitals often provide free services. People can select a private general practitioner, usually in their neighborhood. The general practitioner provides referrals to specialist doctors where necessary, and payment is usually ..
a) free
b) on a fee-out- service basis.
c) on a fee-for- service basis
d) unpaid
96. Increasing numbers of people combine Western medicine with traditional and New Age practices. This may include Chinese herbalists, iridology, and homeopathic medicine. These alternative forms of medical treatment generally are not subsidized by the .. .
a) government
b) church
c) municipality
d) state
97. The .. provides emergency medical assistance to those in remote areas. It was founded in 1928 and is funded by government and public donations. The service also provides emergency assistance during floods and fires.
a) Royal Flying Doctor Service
b) Royal Air Doctor Service
c) Royal Marine Doctor Service
d) Royal Navy Doctor Service
98. Probably the most significant national secular celebration in Australia is Anzac Day on 25 April. This is a public holiday that commemorates the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps landing at Gallipoli in .. in 1915.
a) Britain
b) Germany
c) Turkey
d) Iran
99. On Remembrance Day ( .. ), which is not a public holiday in Australia, a two-minute silence is observed in remembrance of Australians who fought and died in wars.
a) 30 December
b) 11 November
c) 9 May
d) 15 August
100. Australia Day is celebrated on .. to commemorate British settlement, and many capital cities host a fireworks event.
a) 26 January
b) 26 June
c) 26 September
d) 1 September
101. Boxing Day occurs on .. . The Boxing Day cricket test match is an annual event watched on television by many residents. The day also is treated as an opportunity to extend Christmas socializing, with many barbecues taking place in public parks or at private homes.
a) 26 December
b) 26 June
c) 26 September
d) 1 September
102. Labour Day is a public holiday to commemorate improved working conditions and the implementation of the ..workday. It is celebrated
at different times of the year in different states in Australia.
a) eight-hour
b) nine-hour
c) ten-hour
d) seven-hour
103. A significant celebration occurs in Australia on Melbourne Cup Day, an annual ..in Melbourne. Many people attending the race dress formally, and employees in workplaces gather to watch the event on television.
a) yacht event
b) car-racing event
c) tennis event
d) horse-racing event
104. In Australia New Years Day and New Years Eve are celebrated. Royal Easter Shows and Royal Show Days with ..are held in capital cities with exhibits, competitions, and sideshows highlighting the rural tradition.
a) annual agricultural shows
b) annual industrial shows
c) monthly agricultural shows
d) monthly industrial shows
105. On .., the annual finals to the national Australian Rules and Rugby League football competitions, large crowds gather to watch the game and friends congregate to watch it on television in homes and public bars.
a) Great Final Days
b) Grand Final Weeks
c) Grand Final Months
d) Grand Final Days
106. Most states of Australia have public holidays to commemorate the founding of the .., and there are annual arts festivals that attract local, national, and international artists as well as multicultural festivals. Some states have wine festivals.
a) first local colony
b) first city
c) first state
d) first municipality
107. In Australia most people who participate in the arts depend on other professions for their primary income. Full-time arts practitioners are usually highly dependent on ...
a) social funding
b) church funding
c) charity funding
d) government funding
108. The .. funds artistic activity, provides incomes to arts workers and projects, and is the primary source of income for dance and theater.
a) Australia Union
b) Australia Board
c) Australia Society
d) Australia Council
109. The film and television industries in Australia receive substantial ..support and tax incentives. There is government funding for schools of the performing arts.
a) municipal
b) regional
c) government
d) charity
110. Since the 1890s a national literature has been developing with a distinctly Australian voice. This tradition, which is focused largely on the ..as a mythic place in the Australian imagination, has been challenged recently by a new suburban focus for literature.
a) tree
b) bush
c) branch
d) plant
111. Increasingly, Aboriginal and other authors from diverse cultural backgrounds are having work published and appreciated. Australian authors have won many international awards, and Australians are claimed to be one of the leading nations in per capita spending on books and ...
a) newspapers
b) booklets
c) magazines
d) ads
112. Painting in Australia was dominated by the ..for many years, with landscapes painted to resemble their European counterparts until at least 1850.
a) European tradition
b) Asian tradition
c) American tradition
d) African tradition
113. The Heidelberg school was influential in the late nineteenth century. Social-realist images of immigrants and the working class were favored as more by 1950.
a) Australian
b) British
c) Irish
d) English
114. Since 1945, images of the isolated outback have been popularized by artists such as Russell Drysdale and Sydney Nolan. Aboriginal artists were acknowledged in 1989 with a comprehensive display of their art in the ... Their work is becoming increasingly successful internationally.
a) Australian National Society
b) Australian Interational Gallery
c) Australian National Gallery
d) Aboriginal National Gallery
115. Each ..in Australia has at least one major performing arts venue. Playwrights have been successful in presenting Australian society to theatergoers. Indigenous performance has been supported by a number of theater and dance companies since the early 1980s.
a) village
b) city
c) town
d) state capital
116. The styles of music, dance, drama, and oratory vary significantly, reflecting the multicultural mix of the Australian society. Annual festivals of arts in the states showcase local and international work and are well attended, in particular by the well educated and the ...
a) unemployed
b) poor
c) wealthy
d) enslaved
117. In Australia .. is the most popular performance art, attracting large audiences.
a) circus
b) ballet
c) music
d) modern dances
118. Australian ..is more successful than symphony and chamber music.
a) pop music
b) dance music
c) piano music
d) ballet
119. Funding of sciences in Australia is provided by a combination of government and ... Most universities provide scientific programs.
a) agriculture
b) industry
c) chemistry
d) coal-mining
120. Australian .. are not as well funded mainly because they tend
not to produce marketable outcomes. Nevertheless, there is a strong representation in disciplines such as psychology, history, economics, sociology, and anthropology in universities.