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Listening 4.1. Arctic Ocean ice could melt by 2013Climate change 2. accumulation 3. to affect 4. agricultural zones 5. carbon dioxide 6. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 7. climate change 8. climatic zone 9. concentration 10. crop (yields) 11. to cut down trees 12. deforestation 13. desertification 14. to degrade 15. to deplete 16. drought 17. ecosystem 18. environment 19. flood 20. fresh water supplies 21. glacier 22. global warming 23. greenhouse effect 24. greenhouse gases 25. lower atmosphere 26. mean surface temperature 27. to melt, melting 28. to perturb 29. polar ice caps 30. pole 31. potable water 32. precipitation 33. rainfall 34. raw water supplies 35. sanitation 36. sea level (rise) 37. shift 38. storms 39. vulnerability Pollution 1. aerosol sprays 2. agricultural wastes 3. anthropogenic 4. buildup 5. to burn waste 6. to bury, burial 7. byproducts 8. chemical fertilizer 9. chemical reaction 10. chemicals 11. to classify 12. to compost 13. concern 14. container 15. contamination 16. DDT 17. to deposit 18. dump 19. to emit, emission 20. environmental movement 21. flammable 22. fumes 23. garbage 24. groundwater 25. harmful substances 26. hazardous 27. to incinerate, incinerator 28. industrial wastes 29. internal combustion engine 30. land pollution 31. landfill 32. to leak, leakage 33. motor vehicle 34. nuclear wastes 35. pests 36. pollutant 37. pollution control technologies 38. radioactive 39. to recycle wastes 40. refuse 41. to release 42. repository 43. respiratory disease 44. rubbish 45. sewage 46. sewage-treatment solids 47. sewer (systems) 48. solid wastes 49. to store waste 50. sulfur 51. toxic wastes Species Extinction 1. to accelerate 2. ancestral 3. to become extinct, extinction 4. breeding programs 5. descendant 6. to die out 7. endangered species 8. evolution 9. game (species) 10. habitat 11. in the wild 12. line 13. living organism 14. national park 15. natural selection 16. overexploitation of biological resources 17. overhunting 18. poaching 19. preserve 20. Red Data Book 21. reintroduction 22. to reproduce 23. reserve 24. species 25. species loss 26. specimen 27. to be suited 28. to survive 29. viable population 30. wildlife
Alternative Sources of Energy 1. active volcanism 2. carbon dioxide 3. coal 4. coastal regions 5. coastal waters 6. combustion 7. electric power 8. exploit sources 9. fossil fuels 10. gasoline 11. generate electricity 12. generator 13. geothermal energy 14. geyser 15. hot springs 16. hydrocarbons 17. hydroelectric power 18. inexhaustible 19. land drainage 20. natural gas 21. nonpolluting 22. nuclear energy 23. oil 24. petroleum 25. pollution-free sources 26. power plant 27. power sources 28. to produce electric power 29. to radiate, radiation 30. to refine oil 31. renewable energy 32. solar batteries 33. solar energy 34. solar heating systems 35. steam 36. tidal power 37. uranium 38. utilization 39. water turbines 40. wave power 41. wind power 42. wind turbines 43. windmill
CLIMATE CHANGE
Before you read think over the following questions: - What are the most important environmental problems nowadays? - Why have all countries got concerned about climate change? - What is being done bythe internationa community to prevent negative consequences of climate change for our planet? Human societies over the ages have depleted natural resources and degraded their local environments. Populations have also modified their local climates by cutting down trees or building cities. It is now apparent that human activities are perturbing the climate system at the global scale. Climate change is likely to have wide-ranging and potentially serious health consequences. Global climate change is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere. The global concentration of these gases is increasing, mainly due to human activities, such as the combustion of fossil fuels (which release carbon dioxide) and deforestation (because forests remove carbon from the atmosphere). The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, has increased by 30 percent since preindustrial times. This phenomenon is traditionally called greenhouse effect. It is estimated that global mean surface temperaturewill rise by 1.5° to 3.5° C by 2100. This rate of global warming is significant. Large changes in precipitation, both increases and decreases, are forecast, largely in the tropics. Climate change is very likely to affect the frequency and intensity of weather events, such as storms and floods, around the world. Climate change will also cause sea level rise due to the thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of the mountain glaciers and polar ice caps. Global mean sea level is anticipated to rise by 15 to 95 centimeters by 2100. Sea level rise will increase vulnerability to coastal flooding and storm surges. The faster the climate change is, the greater will be the risk of damage to the environment. Climatic zones (and thus ecosystems and agricultural zones) could shifttoward the poles by 150 to 550 kilometers by 2100. Many ecosystems may decline or fragment, and individual species may become extinct. Climate change will increase the risk of both floods and droughts. It may affect human health dramatically. Human health depends on an adequate supply of potable water. By reducing fresh water supplies, climate change may affect sanitation and lower the efficiency of local sewer systems, leading to increased concentrations of pathogens in raw water supplies. Climate change may also reduce the water available for drinking and washing. Current assessments of the impact of climate change indicate that some regions are likely to benefit from increased agricultural productivity while others may suffer reductions, according to their location and dependence on the agricultural sector. Substantial changes in crop yields under climate change are also predicted. Listening 4.1. Arctic Ocean ice could melt by 2013 Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1074
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