The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that serves as adverbial modifier to the predicate or another member of the main clause: Andrea couldn't type any more letters as her eyes were tired.

An adverbial clause can precede, interrupt or follow the main clause. The general rule is to punctuate adverbial clauses placed in initial or medial position: An Englishman, even if he is alone, forms an orderly queue of one.

According to their meaning we distinguish: adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.

Adverbial clauses of Time are used to say when something happened by referring to another event: e.g.

I can't pay my bills until my paycheque comes. They are introduced by the following one-member and multi-member subordinators: when, before, by the time (that), the first/last/next time (that), wherever, since, directly, during the time (that), after, until, immediately, no sooner…than, as, till, once, hardly / scarcely / barely... when, as/ so long as, while, every / each time, the moment/minute, etc. (that).

Future tenses are not found in clauses of time; present tenses with a future reference are used instead. Main clauses opening with the endorsing items barely, hardly, scarcely and no sooner have inverted word order. If these endorsing items occur in medial position, the word order is normal. These sentence models generally use the past perfect tense in the main clause and the simple past in the time clause.

If a clause of time preceding the main clause opens with only after, only when or not until, the main clause has inverted word order.

After wherever (and other -ever compounds in various types of subordinate clauses) we sometimes find the modal auxiliary may, which can imply a remote possibility.

Minor breakdowns, whenever they may occur, will be fixed promptly.

Adverbial clauses of Place are used to say where something happened by referring to the scene or direction of another event or process. They are introduced by the subordinators where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere: e.g. Where buildings were destroyed by the earthquake, rescue parties are now at work.Sometimes an adverbial clause of place is preceded by a preposition: e.g. I can see it clearly from where I'm sitting. Present simple is normally used to denote a future action after the subordinators anywhere, everywhere and wherever.

Adverbial clauses of Cause are used to give a reason for the event or situation named in the main clause or to say why the statement expressed in the main clause is true. They are introduced by the following one‑member and multi-member subordinators: because, now that seeing (that), as, in that considering (that), since, for the reason that, insofar as (formal), due / owing to the fact that, so / as long as, in view of the fact that, inasmuch as (formal), on the ground(s) that.

They are introduced by as occasionally have inverted word order, with a predicative of the subordinate clause moved to the front. Cf.: Tired as she was, I didn't like to disturb her. As she was tired, I didn't like to disturb her.

Adverbial clauses of Purpose are used to indicate the purpose of an action. They are introduced by the following conjunctions: so that, in order that, lest (formal), that (old-fashioned), so (informal), in case, for fear (that), if (+ be to).

As purpose clauses refer to hypothetical or future events, they often employ a modal, a future verb or a subjunctive mood form. When the verb in the main clause is in the present or future, or else in the imperative mood, the purpose clause employs may, can or will. The present simple is also possible.

Besides, the purpose clause frequently employs the present simple if the predicate of the main clause includes a modal verb or a subjunctive mood form: e.g. He should drive carefully so that he doesn't get fined.

When the verb in the main clause is in the past, the purpose clause employs might, could, should or would: e.g. Before coming to class I put my name on the cover so that nobody would take my course book.

Adverbial clauses of Conditionare used to refer to an event, described by the main clause, that depends for its occurrence on another event (condition), described in the subordinate clause. Conditions may be thought of as real or unreal. They are introduced by the following one-member and multi-member subordinators: if, so/as long as, on (the) condition (that), if…then, assuming (that), in the event that, unless, given that, suppose / supposing (that), what if, in case (that), provided/providing (that), say, once, on the understanding that.

An adverbial clause of condition can be joined asyndetically provided that it has inverted word order.

In asyndetic conditional sentences, the contracted forms Weren't, Shouldn't and Hadn't cannot be used to open a conditional clause; the corresponding full forms should be used.

We distinguish three basic models of conditional sentences:

Type 1: situation thought of as real; present, past or future time reference.

Type 2: situation thought of as unreal or hypothetical; present or future time reference.

Type 3: situation thought of as unreal; past time reference.

Within these types there is considerable variation of form and meaning.

Adverbial clauses of Concession express the admission that although something is true or accepted, another part of the problem, another view or situation (often unexpected) exists. They are introduced by the following one-member and multi-member subordinators: although, though, even though, even if,

while, whereas, granted that, whatever, wherever, whichever, whoever, not that, considering, whether... or, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, whenever, much as, however (good), no matter (what).

A concessive clause has inverted order if it opens with a predicative followed by the conjunctions as or though: Handsome as/though he was, nobody liked him.

In this kind of structure as has a concessive meaning, as distinct from clauses of reason, where as retains its causal meaning whether the word order is inverted or not. Cf.: Tired as she was / As she was tired, I didn't like to disturb her. (an adverbial clause of reason)

Tired as she was, she went on typing. (an adverbial clause of concession).

Adverbial clauses of Result describe the result expressed by an action or event named in the main clause. Result clauses are introduced by the following multi-member subordinators: (so)... that, (such)... that, so that, with the result that. Result clauses always follow the main clause: e.g.We arrived ahead of time, so that we got the best seats. Adverbial clauses of result introduced by so... (that) and such... (that) are also called adverbial clauses of degree.

Result clauses introduced by so that may look similar to clauses of purpose, but their verb forms are different. A result is a "real" fact; therefore, the predicate of a result clause stands in the indicative mood. A purpose is an "unreal" fact, or an intended result; therefore, the predicate of a purpose clause often includes a modal verb (usually should / would), or a verb in the future tense. Otherwise, the unreality is shown by the verb form in the main clause.

Adverbial clauses of Manner are used to say how smth is done by referring to another action. They are introduced by the following one- and multi-member subordinators: as, in a way, much as, (in) the way (that), as if, how (informal), as though, like (informal).

George writes as if he is left-handed. (One can infer from his handwriting that he is left-handed.)

George writes as if he was/were left-handed. (but he is not)

Adverbial clauses of manner joined by as can optionally have inverted word order, particularly when the subject is expressed by a long noun phrase.

The meaning of manner often implies comparison. However, clauses of manner differ structurally from clauses of comparison in that they do not correlate with an endorsing item in the main clause.

Adverbial clauses of Comparison are used to compare two things or facts so as to say how they are similar or different. They are introduced by the correlative subordinators as and than, with an endorsing item in the main clause (an adverb (as, more, less) or a morpheme (-er), modifying a comparative element).

The following structures are most often found in comparative clauses: as... as, not so... as, -er... than, more... than, not as... as, as... as if, less... than, nothing like, (much/nearly/almost/just about) the same... as. The present simple is often used to refer to the future in comparative clauses.

18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.

Mood is a grammatical category which indicates attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. In ModE we distinguish 3 moods: The Indicative M. – action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact. The Imperative M. – expresses a command or request. The Subjunctive M. - action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. It is also used to express emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts. SM has synthetic and analytical forms.

Synthetic forms.

The present SM, denotes an action referring to the present or future: the verb ‘to be’ has the form ‘be’ for all the persons. Be it so! (set expression)

The past SM, in adverbial clauses of condition denotes unreal condition referring to present or future, in other types of subordinate clauses denotes action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause: the verb ‘to be’ has the form were for all the persons.

If I were ill I should like to be nursed by you. (adv. cl. of condition). I wished he were less rude.

Analytical forms.

Consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may (might) or shall and the infinitive of the notional verb. Yetes wished Bing would stop thanking him, but he went on.

Usage of the SM.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1879