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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSform have + been + verb + -ing form + 1/You have been singing . He/She/It has been singing. We/You/They have been singing . - 1/You have not been singing . He/She/It has not been singing . We/You/They have not been singing. ? Have 1/you been singing? Has he/she/it been singing? Have we/you/they been singing?
form had + past participle PAST PERFECT + 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had learnt to swim on holiday. 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had not learnt to swim on holiday. ? Had 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they learnt to swim on holiday?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS form had + been + verb + -ing form + 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had been working. - 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had not been working. ? Had 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they been working?
form used to + verb USED TO + 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They used to play the piano. - 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They didn't use to play the piano. ? Did 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they use to play the piano?
form would + verb WOULD
form will+ infinitivewithout to
FUTURE SIMPLE + 1/You/He/She/IUWe/You/They will wait. - 1/You/He/She/IUWe/You/They will not wait. ? Willl/you/he/she/it/we/you/they wait?
Note: Shallis often used instead of will ,especially in the interrogative , e.g. Shall/ wait here?
GOING TO form be +going to + infinitivewithout to + I am going to fall. You are going to fall . He/She/It is going to fall. We/You/They are going to fall. - I am not going to fall. You are not going to fall. He/She/It is not going to fall. We/You/They are not going to fall. ? Am I going to fall? Are you going to fall? Is he/she/it going to fall? Are we/you/they going to fall?
MODAL VERBS form modal + infinitivewithout to Note:Modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, shall, will, should, would, ought to, must, have to.
FIRST CONDITIONAL form conditional clause: if+ present simple main dause: will+ infinitivewithout to
SECOND CONDITIONAL form conditional clause: if+ past simple main clause: would+ infinitivewithout to
Notes: • We use even iffor emphasis , e.g. Even If he had a part-time job , he would work just as hard. • After if,we sometimes use wereinstead of was ,especially in a formal style , e.g. If I were a millionaire, I'd buy an island.
ZERO CONDITIONAL form conditional clause: if+ present simple main clause: infinitivewithout to I imperative
Note: When can also be used in these conditionals, e.g. When the lesson begins, please be quiet.
form be + past participle THE PASSIVE The passive is formed by making the object of the active clause into the subject of the new clause.
Note: We use by + person I thingwhen we want to emphasise who or what did something, e.g. Hadrian 's Wall was built by the Romansin the first century AD.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Notes: • Sometimes we can use thatinstead of which ,e.g. The book that my brother gave me is really exciting. • Commas are used in non-defining relative clauses which give extra or unessential information , e.g. The book, which my brother gave me for my birthday, is really exciting. • No commas are used in defining relative clauses which give essential information , e.g. This is the book that I which my brother gave me.
REPORTED SPEECH: TENSES form We usually change the tenses and some other words when we report what someone said.
Notes: • I sometimes changes to he or she. • Mysometimes changes to her or his. Ourchanges to their. • The adjectives this, that, theseand thoseusually change to the . e.g. '/like these grapes .' - He/She said he/she liked the grapes. • The pronouns thisand thatusually change to it. e.g. '/want to paint this blue. ' - 'He/She said he/she wanted to paint it blue. • The pronouns theseand thoseusually change to them.
REPORTED SPEECH: MODAL VERBS
REPORTED SPEECH: ADVERBS OF TIME AND PLACE
REPORTED QUESTIONS form Reported questions have the same word order as statements. Reporting verbs (e.g. asked) are used. For yes I no questions, the reported questions begin with if I whether. For wh-questions , the question words (who, which, when, where, why, whom, whose, how) are repeated in the reported question.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS form Indirect questions do not have the question word order and the auxiliary do is not used. There is no tense change in indirect questions. use To make questions sound more polite and formal. Note:Indirect questions begin with expressions like: Could you tell me... ? Would you mind telling me... ? Do you know... ?
TIME CLAUSES
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Note: The verbs marked * can be followed by either an infinitive without to or a gerund -ing form, but there may be a change in meaning.
QUESTION TAGS Question tags often follow sentences in speech and informal writing . We use them when we want to check if something is true .
The meaning of a question tag is: 'Is it true?' 'Do you agree?'
But:I'm vel}' late, aren't I? The question tag for I'm is aren't I?
VOCABULARY
A AIDS[etdz) CHIA absorb[ab's:>:b) s6 pan1, BCMoKTysaT abuse[a'bju:z) o6pa>KaT ; 3nos>K BaT access['c.ekses)1. n. ,qocTyn; 2. v. MaT ,(IOCTyn, o,qep>KaT ,(IOCTyn acquire[a'kwata] Ha6ysaT , 3,qo6ysaT ; o,qep>KyBaT adherence[ad'htarans] np x nbHiCTb; cysope ,qo,qep>KaHHfl adolescent[.c.eda'lesnt)IOHaK; ,qiB4 Ha; ni,qniTOK advance[ad'va:ns] npocyeaHHH; ycnix; nporpec affect[a'fekt) snn ean1; xs niOBaT . 3BopywysaT affectionate[a'fekSamt) n106nHY i1. Hi>KH ii; np cTpacH ii allege[a'led3] Tsep,q T ; noc naT Cfl (Ha U(OCb) ambitious[c.em'btSas) YeCTOni06H i1; 1110 nparHe (liOZOCb, 00 l/OZOCb) angle['c.eogl) KYT appealing[a'pi:ho)6naranbH i1; 3Bopywn s i1;np sa6n s i1 appreciate[a'pri:Siett) Ol..liHIOBaT ; l..liHysaT argue['a:gju:) cnepeYaT cH; apryMeHTysaT ; nepeKoHysaT arrangement (of)[a'remd3mant] BnOpfiAKYB8HHfl; p03TawysaHHfl; AOMOBneHiCTb assault[a's:>:lt] Hac nysaT ; rsamyeaT assessment[a'sesmant] Ol..liHKa, Ol..\iHIOB8HHfl assist[a'stst) ,qonoMaraT . cnp HT attend[a'tend)6YT np CYTHiM, si,qsi,qysaT ; np ,qinHT ysary; niKnyBaT Cfl, Typ6ysaT Cfl authorise[':>:8aratz] ynosHOBa>KysaT ; ,qopyYaT authoritiesb:'8onttz] opraH sna,q autonomous[:>:'tonamas] aBTOHOMH ii available[a'vetlabl] ,qocTynH ii. Haf!BH ii be available6YT HaHBH M avalanche['c.evala:nS] cHiros ii o6san, nas Ha average['c.evand3] cepe,qHiii avoid[a'v:>td] yH KaT B ban[bc.en)3a6opoHHT bandage['bc.endtd3) 6 HT, noe'H3Ka be groundedr'pyHTyBaT Cfl be jailed6YT ye'H3HeH M be obliged (to)6YT 3o6os'H3aH M (3MyWeH M) be satisfied with6YT 3a,qosoneH M 4 MOCb be sinking out of sight3H KaT 3 nonH 3opy be well regarded (in),qo6pe KOT pysaT Cfl become commonplacecTaT 3B 4ai1HOIO pi4410; CT8T 6aHanbH M benefit['bemftt) ,qasaT Kop CTb; ,qonoMaraT ; o,qep>KysaT Kop CTb blame(b!etm] 3B HYB84YB8T ; BB8>K8T B HH M blizzard['bltzad] 3asip10xa, xypTOB Ha boost[bu:st) ni,qHiMaT ; ,qonoMaraT ni,qHfiT Cfl; peKnaMyBaT ; ni,qB Ll.IYB8T (L{iHy) brain drain['brem drem] ei,qnn e Mi3Kis breakdown['bretkdaun] 1..1inKOB Te 3Hec neHHH; na,qiHHfl; po3pyxa breakthrough['bretk8ru:] npop s. Ben Ke ,(IOCflrHeHHfl bricklayer['bnkleta] MynHp c cantankerous['kan'tc.eokras] csapn s ii. np Yenn e ii capture['kc.eptSa]6paT s nonoH; cniiiMaT . cxon T ; np sepTaT (yaaay) carpenter['ka:panta] TecnHp; cTonHp carry OUt,(1060,(\ T ,(10 KiHI..Ifl; B KOHyBaT catch smb's breath3aTaMysaT no,q x cause[b:z] np 4 Ha; ni,qcTasa; np si,q cheat[tF:t) 06M8HIOB8T , o6,qyp10B8T cherish['tSenS] nneKaT ; l..liHysaT CiViC('stvtk) rpOM8,(1fiHCbK i1, 1..\ BinbH ii coach[kautS] KapeTa; peneT Top; TpeHep, iHCTpyKTop coherent[kau'htarant]3B'fi38H i1; nori4HO nocni,qosH ii common['koman]3B 4ai1H i1; cninbH ii have (a lot) in commonMaT Ll.IOCb (6araTO) cninbHe (cninbHOro) commonplace['komanplets] 3B 4ai1Ha pi4; 6aHanbHiCTb community[ka'mju:mti] rpoMa,qa, o6111 Ha compress[kam'pres) cT cKysanl conceal[kan'si:l) xosaT . np xosysaT concise[kan'sats) cT cn ii. KOPOTK ii conclude[kan'klu:d) yKna,qaT (ooaoaip); po6 T B CHOBOK VOCABULARY
conclusion[kan'klu:3n] 3asepweHHSI ; BI!ICHOBOK conduct[kan'dAkt] secr11; npoBO,[IIiiTiil conduct a surveynpoBOAI!ITiil OnlilryBaHHSI , OfnSI,[I confidence['konftdans] , : osipa; yneBHeHiCTb consequent['konsikwant] nocni,I:IOBHI!I ; ll.lO E: pe3ynbT8TOM (40e0Cb) considerable[kan'sidarabl] 3HaYHiil contradictory[.kontra'diktari] 1 n. cynepeYni!IBe rsep,IJ,)KeHHSI ; 2 adj. cynepeYnliiBiil contribute[kan'tnbju:t] cnpi!ISITI!I ; po61!1Tiil sma, : conviction[kan'vikjn] 3acy,IJ,)KeHHSI ; nepeKoHaHHSI convince[kan'vms] nepeKoHysarlil cope with smthcnpaBI!ITI!ICSI , ynopaTI!ICSI 3 YliiMOCb courgette[koa'3et] Ka6aYoK course[k:>:s] KYPC; wnSlx ; crpasa COUrt[b:t] Cy,l:l; ,[IBip; KOpT, M8 ,[18HYI!IK couscous['ku:sku:s] KYCKYC (nisHiYHoacppi!IKaHcbKa crpasa i3 nweHI!IYHo'iKpynlil) crucial['kru:jl] BlilpiwanbHiil cuisine[kwi'zi:n] KYXHSI curriculum[ka'nkjalam] Kypc HaBYaHHSI ; HaBYanbHiil nnaH; po3KnaA D damage['drem1d3] 3aB,[IaBaTI!I 361!1TKiB (WKO,I:IIil) ; nOWKO,IJ,)KyB8Tiil decay[dt'ked rHI!ITiil , po3Kna,[laTI!ICSI degree[di'gri:] cryniHb ; rpa,[lyc Bachelor/Master's degreecryniHb 6aKanasKa/Maricrpa deliberate[dt'IIbarat] HaBMI!ICHiil ; 06,[1yMaHiil delinquency[dt 'IIokwansi] 3nOYI!IHHicTb (HenOBHOniTH iX ) desirable[dt'zaiarabl] 6a>KaHI!I , >Ka,[laHiil despite smth[dJ'spatt] H93Ba>KaK>YI!I Ha ll.lOCb device[dt'vats] nnaH; np11 oM; np11crpi . MexaHi3M devote[dt'vaot] npi!ICBHYysarl!l devote one's life to sciencenpliiCBSIYyBaTI!I CBOE: >KI!ITTSI Hay1..1i devote smb to smthnp11piKan1 Korocb Ha li.lOCb directory[da'rektari] , : osi,[IHI!IK, noKa>KYI!IK ; a, : pecHa KHI!Ira; an¢asiTHiil cn11co K (6yOb-RKUX 08HUX} ; KaTanor disaster[dt'za:sta] n11xo, 6i, : a;Karacrpocpa disgrace[dts'greis]1. n. raHb6a , 693Y9CTSI ; 2. V. f8Hb611Tiil, 6e3Y9CT I!ITI!I distinguished[dt'sttogwtjt] BiAOMiil , Blii,[I8THI!I distraction[dt'strrekjn] si, : soniKaHHSI ysar11; Heysa>KH iCTb; po3sara diversity[dat'va:sati] pi3HOMaHiTHiCTb , pi3HOM8HiTTSI dough[daol] ricro; nacra draughts[dra:fts] wawKiil (apa) play draughtsrpar11 B wawKiil dreadful['dredfl] >KaXllliiBiil , crpawHiil drought[draot] nocyxa, 3acyxa drug[drAg] niKIII; HapKOTI!IK E employee[tm'pbti:] CnY>K60B91..1b , npa1..1iBHI!IK employer[tm'pbta] po6oro, : aBel..lb engage[m'geid3] 3a MaTI!ICSI be engaged (in)3a MaTI!ICs:t (4UMOCb) , 6yr11 38 HSITI!IM (4UMOCb) enliven[m'latvn] no>Ksasntosarlil ; Ha,[II!IX8Tiil enterprise['entapratz] ni, : npi!IE:MCTBO entertain[.enta'tem] po3Ba>KaTI!I , 3a6asnSITiil entertainer[.enta't ma] ecrpa,[IHI!I apTI!ICT ; KOHcpepaHCbE: entertainmentLenta'temmant] po3sara escape[I'sketp] yreKTIII ; YHIIIKHYTI!I essential[t'senjl] Heo6xi,[IHI!I ; icroTHiil exhausted[t g'z:>:stt d] BliiCHa>KeHI!I , 3MyY9Hiil existence[tg'ztstans] icHysaHHSI exponent[tk'spaonant] iHrepnperarop ; BliiKOHaB91..1b (MY3U4HOeO meopy) ; npe, : craBHI!IK (meop1i); Tliln , 3pa3oK ; eKcnoHeHT exposition[.ekspa'ztjn] BI!ICTaBKa , eKcno3111..1iSI extended[Ik'stendtd] po3TSlrHeHiil ; p03Wiilp9Hiil ; npO,[IOB>K9Hiii ; TpliiBanlil extensive[tk'stenstv] o6w11pH11 , WlilpOKiil ; ,[laneKOCSI>KHiil F facility[fa'stliti] 3,1:1aTHiCTb ; yMiHHSI ; , : ocrynHiCTb; pi MO>Kni!IBocri , YMOBI!I ; pi YCT8TKYB8HHSI , o6na,[IH8HHSI , npliiCTpo'i
faint-hearted[.femt 'ha:hd] 6o ry3Illi!Biil , nerKOAYXIil favoured['fetvad] nplileine oeaHiil ; l!.IO Mae: nepeeary fee[fi:] roHopap; nnaTH ; ecTynHIII BHeCOK feel a lump in smb's throatBiAYyeaTiil Kny6oK y ropni fit[ftt]1. V. BiAnOBiAaTI!I (40MYCb); roAIIITI!Ic ; nacyeaTI!I (oo 4ozocb); 2. adj. 3AOPOBIII , Y A06pi cpopMi stay fitnepe6yeaTIII y xopowi cpopMi, niATPIIIMyBaTI!I cpopMy flaky['fletki] nnacTiBYaCTiil fleeting[fli:ho] CKOpOMIIIHY4111 float[flaot] nnaeaTiil, TPIIIM8TIIIC Ha noeepxHi; nni!IBTIII fluent['flu:ant] nnaeHiil , eiJlbHiil (npo MOBY) forbid[fa'btd] (forbad, forbade; forbidden)3a6opoH Tiil fossil['fosJ] CK8M1 HilliCTb; BliiKOnHa TBapi!IHa foundation courseniAroTOBYIII . 6a30BIII KYPC founder['faonda]3aCHOBHIIIK freedom['fri:dam] ceo6oAa, eon frequency['fri:kwansi] YaCTOTa; YacTe nOBTOpiOBaHH frequent['fri:kwant] YaCTiil ; YacTo noeTOpiOeaHiil freshman['frejman] nepwoKypcHI!IK; aMep. HOBaYOK (y WKOfli) fuel['fju:al] nanl!leo; nallbHe fussy['L\si] MeTyWilli!Biil G generous['d3enaraslllleAp111 get exposure6YTIII BliiCBiTileHIIIM get insight (into)npoHI!IKHYTIII B CYTb get on wellI18AIIITIII (3 KUMCb) give due to the memoryBiAAaBaTIII Hane>t<He naM' Ti global warming[.glaobl 'w:>:mto] mo6anbHe noTenniHH goal[gaol] MeTa, l..lillb graduate['grred3uatl BlilnycKHIIIK Blil oro HaBYallbHOro 3aKilaAy; aMep. TOll!, l!.IO 38KiH4111B HaBYallbHiil 38KI18A graduate (from)['grred3juett] 3aKiHYyeaTiil HaB48JlbHiil 38KI18A greenhouse gas[.gri:nhaos 'gres] napHI!IKOBiil ra3 H hailstorm['hetlsb:m] rp03a 3 rpaAOM, 3Ili!IBa;clilllbHI!I rpaA handle['hrend!] KepyeaTiil; ynopaTIIIC 3 heatwave['hi:twetv] nepioA ClilllbHo"i cneKIII helicopter['hehkapta] eepTOniT highlight['hatlatt] BIIIAill Tiil; cKpaeo OCBiTiliOB8Tiil high-tech(a/so hi-techBritish} [.hat 'tek] 1. n. CyY8CHa TeXHOJlOrifl; 2. adj. BliiCOKOTeXHOJ10ri4Hiil HIV-positive[.ettj at vi: 'pozahv] BIJl no3111TiiiBHiil
immensely[t'mensli] AY>Ke, H8A3Biii48 HO , H8AMipHO implication[.tmph'ketjn] enllYTYBaHHfl; np1!14eTHiCTb; npliiXOBaHe 3Ha4eHHfl impose[tm'paoz] o6KilaAaTiil (noAaTKOM TOl!.IO); nOKI18AaTiil (060B'fi3Kiil TOl!.IO) include[m'klu:d] MiCTIIITiil e co6i; BKI1104aTI!I AO CKI18AY injure['md3al nowKOA Tiil; nopaHIIITiil get injurednopaHIIITIIIC inevitable[m'evttabl] HeMIIIHYYIII ; HeBiABOpOTHiil influence['mfluans]1. n. enlli!IB; 2. V. cnpaBJlfiTiil Bnlli!IB; Bnlli!IB8Tiil be influenced bynepe6yeaTIII niA Bnlli!IBOM YOrOCb intercourse['mtab:s] cnillKYBaHH ; CTOCYHKIII interfere[.mta'fta] BTpyYaTIIICfl; nepeWKO,Q>KaTiil internal[m't3:nl] BHYTpiwHi intestine[m'testm] aHam. KliiWeYHIIIK investigate[m'veshgett] AOCili.Q>KyeaTiil; BIIIB48Tiil; p03CiliAyBaTiil invisible[m'vtzabl] HeBIIIAIIIMiil isolated['atsalethd] i30ilbOBaHIII ; BiAOKpeMJleHiil IT = information technology iHcpOpMal..li Ha TeXHOJlOrifl J join[d3:>tn]3'E:AHYBaTiii(Cfl), o6'E:AHYB8Tiii(C ) junior['d3u:nial MOilOAWiil ; aMep. CTyAeHT nepeAOCTaHHbOro Kypcy K keep pace withTill HapiBHi, He BiACTaBaTiil VOCABULARY
L landslide['lawdslatd] 3CyB , o6san legislation[.Ied3ts'letjn] 3aKOHO,QaBC TBO liberty['hbati] cso6o.Qa , sonH load of rubbishKYna na Ha local authoritiesMiCI..IeBa sna,Qa M make smb gasp3MYC H1 3a,Q XHYT C51 (p03351B T pma) Bi,Q nO,Q BY mankind[mren'kamd] mo,QCTBO masterpiece['mo:stapi:s] we,Qesp mature[ma'tjua] 1. adj. CT rn . cnin ; 3pin ; 2. V. ,QOCT raT ; ,Q03piBaT ; l.linKOM p03B HYT C51 memorable['memarabl] naM'HTH . He3a6YTHi Montreal[.montn'::J:l] MoHpeanb music hallMI03 K-xon ; KOHI..IepTH 3an mutual['mju:tjual] B3aE:MH N notable['nautabl] B ,QaTH . B 3Ha'-IH I1 nuclear['nju:klia] H,QepH obey[a'bet] cnyxaT C51, Kop T C51 objective[ab'd3ekttvl MeTa, nparHeHHH obligation[.obh'getjn] 306oB'513aHHH ; o6os'5130K obliteration[a,bhta'retjn] 3H ll.leHHH ; CT paHH51 obvious['obvias] HBH . O'-leB AH obviously['obviasli] HBHO, O'-leB ,QHO occur[a'b:] Tpanmn cH ; Bi,Q6ysan1C51 offend[a'fend] KP BA T . o6pa>t<aT offender[a'fenda] npasonopywH K . 3n04 Hel.lb oppose[a'pauz] '-I H T onip, on paT C51 order['::J:da] nop51,QOK in order to.Qn51 Toro ll.I06 orphan['::J:fn] c poTa overallLauvar'::J:l] 3aranbH overseas[.auva'si:z] 1. adj. 3aMopcbK ; 3aOKeaHCbK ; 3aKOp,QOHH ; 2. adv. 3a KOp,QOHOM ; 3a KOp,QOH owe smth to smb[ao] 3a6oprysaT ll.IOCb KOMYCb ozone layer['auzaun leta] 030HOB wap p pace[pets] KPOKYBaT . xo,Q T participant[po:'ttst pant] y'-laCH K participate[po:'tlst pett] 6paT yYaCTb particular[pa'ttkjala] oco6n B pass[po:s] npoxo,Q T . npo"i>K,Q>KaT ; nepe,QaBaT pass an exam I take an exam 3,QaBaT eK3aMeH persistence[pa'ststans] ynepTiCTb , Hanonern BiCTb persuade[pa'swetd] nepeKoHyBaT phenomenon[ft'nomman] (pi phenomena) HB ll.le, cpeHOMeH poison['p::ltzn] OTPYTa pore over[p:>:] 3ocepe,Q>KeHo B B'-IaT possibility[.post'bthti] MO>t<n BiCTb precisely[pn'saisli] TO'-IHO predecessor['pri:dtsesa] nonepe,QH K pregnant['pregnant] sariTHa preserve[pn'Z3:v] 6eperr . oxopoHHT ; 36epiraT prevent[pn'vent] Bi,QBepTaT ; 3ano6iraT ; nepewKo,Q>KaT prevention[pn'venjn] 3ano6iraHH51 provide[pra'vatd] nocTa'-laT ; Ha,qasaT publicly fundedcpiHaHcosaH ,Qep>t<aBH M KOWTOM purpose['p3:pas] MeTa put into wordss cnosntOBaT . cpopMyntOBaT cnosaM Q quality('kwohti) HKiCTb; BnaCT BiCTb quotation[kwau'tetjn] l.I TaTa ; l.I TYBaHHH R ray[ret] npoMiHb rebellious[n'beljas] 6yHTapcbK ; nOBCTaHCbK ; ynepT reckon['rekan] paxysaT . ni,QpaxosysaT ; po3paxosysaT ; .QyMaT . ra,qaT recognize['rekagnatz) yni3HaBaT ; B 3HaBaT reduction[n'dt.kjn] 3H >KeHHH ; 3M9HW9 HH51, CKOp04eHH51 reject[n'd3ektl Bi,QK ,QaT . Bi,Qx mn ; Bi,QMOBn51T rely[n'lat] noKna,QaT CH reliable[n'latabl] Ha,Qi H remain[n'mem] 3an waT C51 remote[n'maut] Bi,Q,QaneH . ,QaneK renowned[n'naund] cnaseTH . 3HaMeH T rescue['reskju:) pHTyBaHHH , B 3BOneHH51 resemblance[n'zemblans ) cxo>t<iCTb , no,Qi6HiCTb resist[n'ztst] o6opOH51T C51, '-I H T onip
respect[n'spekt]1. n. noeara; 2. v. noea>t<aTlll in this respecty l..lbOMY Bi,D,HOW9HHi respond[n'spond] eip,noeip,ar11 responsibility[n,sponsi'biiiti] eip,noeip,anbHicTb take responsibility forB351TI1 Ha ce6e eip,noeip,anbHiCTb 3a responsible[n'sponsabl] ei.o.noei.o.anbHliiH rissole['nsaul] ciYeHa Komera; n11pi>t<OK 3 M'51COM (p116010) rude[ru:d] rpy611H, 6pyTanbHI1H run out ofB116irar11; 3aKiHYyeaTI1C51 s safety['selfti] 6e3neKa salary['srelari] 3apo6irHa nnaTa security[si'kjuanti] 6e3ne4HiCTb; 6e3neKa self-assured[.selfa'juad] caMoeneeHeHliiH self-confident[.selfkonf1dnt] CaMOBneBH9HI1H shadow['jredau] TiHb sheer[jia]51BHI1H, a6contOTHI1H shot-putting['jotputio] wroexaHH51 51p,pa shrimp[jnmp] p,pi6Ha KpeeerKa significant[sig'mfikant] ea>t<ni1B11H; iCTOTHliiH sitter['sita] HarypH11K; TOH, XTO no3ye: xyp,o>t<HliiKOBi(cpororpacpoei) skilled[sklld] KBanicpiKOB8HI1H, yMinliiH speciality[.speji'rehti] cpax, cnet.. ianbHicrb; cpipMoea crpaea spectator[spek'teita] rn51p,a4 spicy['spaisi] npi1CMa4eHI1H cnet.. iHMlll; 3MiWaHI1H 3i cnet.. i51M11; np51HI1H sport event[.sp:>:t 1'ventl cnoprliiBHe 3MaraHH51 steer clear of smb (smth)YHI1KaTI1 KOroCb (ll.IOCb) stew[stju:] rywKyear11(C51) still life[.stil 'lalf] HaTtOpMopr strict[stnkt] cyeop111i1 strike[straik] (struck; struck, stricken) 611TI1, yp,ap51T11(c51); eny4ar11 strive[straiv] (strove, striven)crapar11c51; p,oKnap,arlll 3yc11nb strive for perfectionnparHyTI-1 .o.ocKoHanocri suicide['s(j)u:Isaid] caMory6creo sumptuous['sAmtjuas] po3KiWH11H; nliiWHllllil, 4YAOBI1Iil superstition[.su:pa'sbjn] 3a6o6oH suppress[sa'pres] nplllrHiYyearlll survival[sa'vaivl] Blii>KI1BaHH51 suspect[sa'spekt] nip,o3ptOBaTI1 T tactless['trektlas] HeraKTOBHllllil takeaway['teikawe!] ll.IO eip,nycKaE:TbCH Ha AiM (npo zomoei cmpaeu) target['ta:g1t] t.. inb, MiweHb tarragon['treragan] 6om. non11H ocrporiH tension['tenjn] Hanpy>t<eHH51 the cutting edge[oa ,kAtiO 'ed:s] nepep,HiH Kpalil, 1..19HTp ,D,i51nbHOCTi threat[8ret]3arpo3a, norpo3a tough[tAf] Mii..IHllllil, reepp,111i1; I..IYnKllllil; p03M .Ba>KKI1Iii,T51>KKI1Iil transmission[trrenz'mijn] nepep,aya treat[tri:t] nOBO,D,l!ITI1C51, CTaBI1TI1C51; niKyeaTl!l treaty['tri:ti] .o.oroeip, yrop,a trust[trAst] p,oeip51T11(c51); noKnap,aTI1C51 u undertake[.Anda'teik] (undertook, undertaken)no411HaTI1, 6par11c51; 6par11 Ha ce6e (3o6oe'R3aHHR mo o); py4aTl!IC51, rapaHTyBaTlll unrest[An'rest] XBI1ntOBaHH51; 3aeopyweHH51 v value['vrelju:] t.. iHHiCrb; eapricrb; t.. iHa Vancouver[vren'ku:va] BaHKyeep veal[vi:!] ren51ntHa victim['viktim] >t<eprea violation[.vaia'leijn] OCKBepHeHH51; nopyweHH51 vocational[vau'keijanl] npocpeciliiHllllil voluntarily['volantnli] p,o6poeinbHO; HaBMliiCHO volunteer[.volan'ba] p,o6poeonel..lb, BOnOHTep w weight[weit] sara whirlpool['w3:lpu:l] eop,oeeprb, Konoeopor white goods['wait gudz] rexHiKa, 51Ka BI1KOpi1CTOBYE:TbC51 B ,D,OMaWHbOMY rocnop,apcrei WOrk Of artBliiTBip MI1CT9l..ITBa work on (a project)npal..ltOBaTlll Hap, (npoeKToM} y yield[ji:ld]3611paHH51 nno.o.ie (ypo>t<atO); B11p06iTOK; Blii,D,06yTOK IRREGULAR VERBS
II Ill beat [bi:t) ................beat [bi:t) .................beaten ['bi:tn) ............61!1n1 become [bi'kAm) .....became [bi'kelm] .....become [bl'kAm) ........cTasaTIII; po6111TIIIC begin [bi'gm) ...........began [bi'g<en) .........begun [bi'gAn)............n041!1HaTIII(c ) bend [bend] .............bent [bent] ...............bent [bent] .................3ri!IHaTIII(c ) bite [balt) ................bit [bit] .....................bitten ['bitn) ...............KycaTI!I(c ) blow [blao) ..............blew [blu:) ................blown [blaon] ..............QYTIII break [brelk] ...........broke [braok] ...........broken ['braokan] .......naMaTIII(c ) bring [bnu) ..............brought [br:>:t)..........brought [br:>:t) ...........npi!IHOCIIITIII build [bdd) ...............built [bdt) .................built [bdt) ...................6y,QysaTIII burn [b3:n) ...............burnt [b3:nt) .............burnt [b3:nt) ...............3anamosaTI!I catch [k<etj). ............caught [ht) ............caught [ht) ..............nosi!ITIII; 36arHYTIII choose [tju:z)..........chose [tjaoz). ...........chosen ['tjaozn) .........s1116111paT111 come [kAm) ............came [kelm] ............come [kAm] ...............npi!IXO.QIIITIII cost [kost] ...............cost [kost]................cost [kost]..................KOWTysaTIII creep [kri:p] ............crept [krept).............crept [krept) ...............nos3aTIII cut [kAt] ..................cut [kAt] ...................cut [kAt] .....................pi3aTI!I drive [dra1vl ............drove [draov) ...........driven ['dnvn) ............Be3TIII, "ixaTIII fall [b:l) .................. .fell [fel) ....................fallen ['b:ln] ...............na,QaTIII feel [fi:l] ..................felt [felt] ...................felt [felt] .....................Bi.Q4ysaTI!I fight [fait) ................fought [b:t) ..............fought [b:t) ................6opoTI!IC find [famd) ...............found [faond] ...........found [faond] .............3HaXO,QIIITIII fly [fla!]....................flew [flu:)..................flown [fiaon) ...............niTaTI!I forecast ['b:ka:st]....forecast ['b:ka:st) ....forecast ['b:ka:st) ......nporHo3ysaTI!I forget [fa'get] ...........forgot [fa'got] ...........forgotten [fa'gotn] ......3a6ysaTI!I forgive [fe'giv] .........forgave [fa'geiv) .......forgiven [fa'givn) ........npoiJ.IaTIII freeze [fri:z] ............froze [fraoz] .............frozen ['fraozn) ..........3aMopo>t<ysaTI!I give [giv) .................gave [geiv) ...............given ['givn) ...............,QasaTIII grow [grao] .............grew [gru:] ...............grown [graon] ............pOCTIII hang (h<eU) .............hung [hAU) ...............hung (hAU) .................BiWaTIII; BIIICiTIII hear [hia] ................heard [h3:d) .............heard [h3:d] ...............4YTIII hide [haid) ...............hid [hid] ...................hidden ['hidn].............xosaTI!I hit [hit] ....................hit [hit] .....................hit [hitl.......................y.Qap TIII; sny4aTI!I hold [haold] .............held [held]................held [held) .................Tpi!IMaTI!I hurt [h3:t) ................hurt [h3:t) .................hurt [h3:t] ...................3as,QaTIII 6omo; y.Qapi!ITIII keep [ki:p) ...............kept [kept) ...............kept [kept) .................Tpi!IMaTIII, 6eperr111 lay [lei) ....................laid [leid]..................laid [leid]....................KnaCTIII lead [li:d].................led [led] ...................led [led] .....................secTI!I learn [13:n] ...............learnt [13:nt] .............learnt [13:nt) ...............y4111TIII, 3acsotosaTI!I leave [li:v] ...............left [left] .................. .left [left] .....................3anl!lwaTIII; niTIII lend [lend] ...............lent [lent] .................lent [lent] ...................n031!14aTIII (KOMYCb) let [let] ....................let [let] .....................let [let] ........................Q03Bon TIII lie [la!) .....................lay [le!).....................lain [lem]....................ne>KaTIII light [laJt] ................lit [ht] .......................lit [ht] .........................ocsimtosaTI!I(c ) lose [lu:zl................lost [lost] .................lost [lost] ...................ry6111TIII mean [mi:n] ............meant [ment] ...........meant [ment] .............03Ha4aTI!I meet [mi:t] ..............met [met] .................met [met]...................3ycTpi4aTI!I pay [pe!]..................paid [peid]................paid [peid) ..................nnaTI!ITIII IRREGULAR VERBS
II Ill put [put] ..................put [put] ...................put [put].....................KilaCTI-1 retell Lri:'tel]............retold [ri:'tauld] ........retold [ri:'tauld] ..........nepeKa3aTI!1 ride [ra!d] ................rode [raud] ...............ridden ['ndn] .............."iJAI!1TI!1 sepx111 ring [no] ..................rang [rreo] ................rung [rAo] ..................A3BOHI!1TI!1 rise [ra!z] ................rose [raoz] ...............risen ['nzn] ................niAHiMaTII1C run [rAn]..................ran [rren] ..................run [rAn] ....................6irTII1 say [sel] ..................said [sed] .................said [sed] ...................cKa3aTI!1, rosop1!1TI!1 see [si:]...................saw (s;,:] ..................seen [si:n]..................6a41!1TI!1 seek [si:k] ...............sought (s;,:t].............sought (s;:,:t]...............wyKaTI-1 sell [sell ..................sold [sauld] ..............sold [sauld] ................npoAaBaTI-1 send [send] .............sent [sent] ...............sent [sent] .................noc111naT111; nepeAaBaTI!1 set [set]...................set [set] ...................set [set] .....................noMilllaTI-1; 3aXOA111TI!1 ............................................................... ..................................(npo coH e) shake [je!k].............shook [juk] ..............shaken ['jeikan] .........Tp CTI-1 shine [jam] ..............shone (Son] ..............shone [jon] ................c Tl-1, csiTII1TI!1 shoot [ju:t] ..............shot [jot] ..................shot [jot] ....................cTpin Tl-1 show [jau] ...............showed [jaud] ..........shown [jaun] ..............noKa3ysaTI!1 shut []At] .................shut []At] ..................shut []At] ....................3aKp1!1BaTI!1 sing [s!o] .................sang [sreo] ...............sung [sAo] ..................cnisaTI-1 sink [siok] ...............sank [sreok] .............sunk [sAok] ................TOHYTI-1, nomnaTI!1; ................................................................................................. 3aHyptOBaTI!1 sleep [sli:p] .............slept [slept] ..............slept [slept] ................cnaTI-1 smell [smel] ............smelled, smelt.. .......smelled, smelt.. .........4YT111 (BiA4ysaT111) .................... ...........[smeld], [smelt] .......[smeld], [smelt] .........3anax; HtOXaTI!1 speak [spi:k] ...........spoke [spauk] ..........spoken ['spaukan] ......rosop1!1TI!1 spell [spell ..............spelt [spelt] ..............spelt [spelt] ................BI!1MOBil TI!1 (cnoeo) ................................................................................................. no niTepax spend [spend] ..........spent [spent] ............spent [spent] ..............B1!1Tpa4aTI!1 (apowi) spin [sp ] ...............spun [spAn] ............._. spun [spAn] ................np CTI-1; sepTiTI-1 spread [spred].........spread [spred] .........spread [spred] ...........po3nosctap,>KyBaTI!1 stand [strend] ..........stood [stud] .............stood [stud] ...............CTO Tl-1 steal [sti:l] ...............stole [staul] ..............stolen ['staulan] .........KpacTI-1 stick [stlk] ...............stuck [stAk] ..............stuck [stAk] ................BcTpOMil Tl-1, KOilOTI!1 strike [straik] ...........struck [strAk] ...........struck [strAk] .............yAap Tl-1 sweep [swi:p]..........swept [swept] ..........swept [swept] ............MeCTI-1; 3MiTaTI!1 swim [swim]............swam [swrem] .........swum [swAm] ............nnasaTI-1 take [teik] ...............took [tuk] .................taken ['teikan] ............6paTI!1 teach [ti:tj] ..............taught [b:t]..............taught [b:t]................Ha84aTI!1 tell [tel] ...................told [tauld] ...............told [tauld] .................cKa3aTI!1, po3noBiAaTI!1 think [81okl .............thought [Eb:t1 ..........thought [8;,:t] ............AyMaTI-1 throw [erau] ...........threw [eru:] .............thrown [eraun] ..........K111AaTI!1 understand ............understood .............understood ...............po3yMiTII1 LAnda'strend] ...........[.Anda'stud] ..............[.Anda'stud] wake [weik] ............woke [wauk] ............woken ['waukanl... .....npOK111AaTI!1C wear [wea] ..............wore (w;,:] ................worn (w;,:n] ................HOCI!1TI!1 (ooRa) weep [wi:p] .............wept [wept]..............wept [wept]................nnaKaTI-1 win [wm] .................won [wAn] ................won [wAn]..................B1!1rpasaTI!1, nepeMaraTI!1
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