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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
form have + been + verb + -ing form
+ 1/You have been singing . He/She/It has been singing.
We/You/They have been singing .
- 1/You have not been singing . He/She/It has not been singing .
We/You/They have not been singing.
? Have 1/you been singing? Has he/she/it been singing?
Have we/you/they been singing?
| use | example |
| for temporary or incomplete actions in the past | She has been playingmusic since lunchtime . We have been walkingfor two hours. |
form had + past participle
PAST PERFECT
+ 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had learnt to swim on holiday.
1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had not learnt to swim on holiday.
? Had 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they learnt to swim on holiday?
| use | example |
| for a past event which happened before another past event to emphasise the order in which events occurred | They arrived at the cinema late and found that the film hadalready begun. We didn't eat dinner until we had cleaned the house. |
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
form had + been + verb + -ing form
+ 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had been working.
- 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They had not been working.
? Had 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they been working?
| use | example |
| for an action which began in the past and was still happening when another action started in the past | She had been learningEnglish for a year before she understood a word . |
form used to + verb
USED TO
+ 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They used to play the piano.
- 1/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They didn't use to play the piano.
? Did 1/you/he/she/iUwe/you/they use to play the piano?
| use | example |
| for states and repeated actions in the past which do not exist now | We used tolive in France. |
form would + verb
WOULD
| use | example |
| for repeated actions in the past which do not happen now | The ancient Egyptians would tellthe time by the sun . Before he started his new job , he would watchtelevision all evening . |
form will+ infinitivewithout to
FUTURE SIMPLE
+ 1/You/He/She/IUWe/You/They will wait.
- 1/You/He/She/IUWe/You/They will not wait.
? Willl/you/he/she/it/we/you/they wait?
| use | example |
| for decisions made at the time of speaking for predictions (often used with I believe I hope I think) for future facts for plans and arrangements | I'll answer the phone. I think it will bea cold winter this year. Our school holidays will startin July. We'll meetyou outside the cinema at 7:30. |
Note:
Shallis often used instead of will ,especially in the interrogative , e.g. Shall/ wait here?
GOING TO
form be +going to + infinitivewithout to
+ I am going to fall. You are going to fall . He/She/It is going to fall.
We/You/They are going to fall.
- I am not going to fall. You are not going to fall.
He/She/It is not going to fall. We/You/They are not going to fall.
? Am I going to fall? Are you going to fall? Is he/she/it going to fall?
Are we/you/they going to fall?
| use | example |
| for intentions and plans made before the moment of speaking for predictions based on clear evidence | I'm going to studyEnglish next year. That baby is going to fall! |
MODAL VERBS
form modal + infinitivewithout to
Note:Modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, shall, will, should, would, ought to, must, have to.
| use | example |
| to talk about possibility to talk about probability | It maybe cold in Scotland,so pack ajumper. It couldrain today. The plane shouldarrive about now. |
| use | example |
| to talk about near certainty to talk about negative certainty to talk about certainty to talk about obligation I necessity to talk about lack of obligation I necessity to give advice to talk about permission to talk about ability I inability to talk about prohibition | She's won the lottery -she mustbe excited! This can'tbe the right road. My birthday willbe on a Tuesday this year. He has todo his homework this evening . I have towrite to my parents this week. ·You ought to I should I musttake some exercise . You don't haveto do the washing up. We don't haveto pay to get into the museum. You shouldn'tstay up so late every night. You ought tosave a bit more money. Yes , you cango to town this afternoon . You mayborrow my bike. He can'tdo maths. I couldbake a cake if I had the time . You mustn'twalk on the grass in the park. |
FIRST CONDITIONAL
form conditional clause: if+ present simple
main dause: will+ infinitivewithout to
| use | example |
| for future events which are likely to happen | Ifyou hurry,you willcatch your plane. |
SECOND CONDITIONAL
form conditional clause: if+ past simple
main clause: would+ infinitivewithout to
| use | example |
| for less likely or hypothetical events in the future to give advice | If I gave upwork , I would travelround the world. Ifyou workedharder, you would pass your exam. |
Notes:
• We use even iffor emphasis , e.g. Even If he had a part-time job , he would work just as hard.
• After if,we sometimes use wereinstead of was ,especially in a formal style , e.g. If I
were a millionaire, I'd buy an island.
ZERO CONDITIONAL
form conditional clause: if+ present simple
main clause: infinitivewithout to I imperative
| use | example |
| for general rules or truths to show cause and effect for commands | Ifthere isno rain, many plants die. Ifyou eatfruit and vegetables , you feel healthy. If it startsto rain, go inside. |
Note:
When can also be used in these conditionals, e.g. When the lesson begins, please be quiet.
form be + past participle
THE PASSIVE
The passive is formed by making the object of the active clause into the subject of the new clause.
| tense | example |
| Present Simple Past Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Modal Verbs | They make this cheese in France. - This cheese is madein France. They invented bungee jumping in New Zealand. - Bungee jumping was inventedin New Zealand. They are decorating their house this week. - Their house is being decoratedthis week. She was feeding my cat at the weekend . - My cat was being fedat the weekend. They closed the disco for a month. - The disco was closedfor a month. He had caught the fish. - The fish had beencaught. Two people can move the piano. -The piano can be movedby two people. |
| use | example |
| when the person or thing doing the action is obvious or unimportant when the person or thing doing the action is not known to describe how something is made or how it works | The house was builtin a month. Stonehenge was constructedin about 3000 BC. Glass is madefrom sand, soda and limestone . |
Note:
We use by + person I thingwhen we want to emphasise who or what did something, e.g.
Hadrian 's Wall was built by the Romansin the first century AD.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
| PRONOUN | use | example |
| who whose which where when why | for people possessive of whofor things for places for time for reasons | People wholive in glass houses shouldn 't throw stones. Whosebicycle is this? The book whichmy brother gave me was really exciting. I saw the house wheremy mother was born. That was a time whenhe travelled a lot. I don't know whyshe is so annoyed. |
Notes:
• Sometimes we can use thatinstead of which ,e.g. The book that my brother gave me is really exciting.
• Commas are used in non-defining relative clauses which give extra or unessential information , e.g. The book, which my brother gave me for my birthday, is really exciting.
• No commas are used in defining relative clauses which give essential information , e.g.
This is the book that I which my brother gave me.
REPORTED SPEECH: TENSES
form We usually change the tenses and some other words when we report what someone said.
| DIRECT SPEECH | REPORTED SPEECH |
| present simple- 'My sister is a ballet dancer .' present continuous- 'I'm writingto my boyfriend.' past simple- 'We wentfor a walk.' pastcontinuous- 'I was walkingin the forest all day.' present perfect simple- 'I have cookedthe dinner.' present perfect continuous- 'I've been learningEnglish for a year.' | past simple She said (that) her sister wasa ballet dancer. past continuous She said (that) she was writingto her boyfriend. past perfect simple They said (that) they had gonefor a walk. past perfect continuous He said (that) he had been walkingin the forest all day. past perfect simple She said (that) she had cookedthe dinner. past perfect continuous He said (that) he had been learningEnglish for a year. |
Notes:
• I sometimes changes to he or she.
• Mysometimes changes to her or his. Ourchanges to their.
• The adjectives this, that, theseand thoseusually change to the .
e.g. '/like these grapes .' - He/She said he/she liked the grapes.
• The pronouns thisand thatusually change to it.
e.g. '/want to paint this blue. ' - 'He/She said he/she wanted to paint it blue.
• The pronouns theseand thoseusually change to them.
REPORTED SPEECH: MODAL VERBS
| DIRECT SPEECH | REPORTED SPEECH |
| 'I'll help you tidy your room.' 'I canrun very fast.' 'I maygo out this evening.' 'I'll offer to help my grandmother tomorrow.' 'You musttidy your room.' | He said (that) he wouldhelp her tidy her room. She said (that) she couldrun very fast. She said that she mightgo out that evening. He said that he wouldoffer to help his grandmother the following day. She told him that he musttidy his room. |
REPORTED SPEECH: ADVERBS OF TIME AND PLACE
| DIRECT SPEECH | REPORTED SPEECH |
| here now tomorrow last (night) today ago yesterday next (week) next (Wednesday) this (morning) | there then I at that moment the next day I the following day the (night) before I the previous (night) that day before I previously the day before I the previous day the following (week) I the (week) after (that) the following (Wednesday) that (morning) |
REPORTED QUESTIONS
form Reported questions have the same word order as statements.
Reporting verbs (e.g. asked) are used.
For yes I no questions, the reported questions begin with if I whether.
For wh-questions , the question words (who, which, when, where, why, whom, whose, how) are repeated in the reported question.
| DIRECT QUESTION | REPORTED QUESTION |
| Do you wantto go swimming? How did youmake the cake? | He asked her if she wantedto go swimming. I asked him how he had madethe cake. |
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
form Indirect questions do not have the question word order and the auxiliary do
is not used. There is no tense change in indirect questions. use To make questions sound more polite and formal.
Note:Indirect questions begin with expressions like:
Could you tell me... ? Would you mind telling me... ? Do you know... ?
| DIRECT QUESTION | INDIRECT QUESTION |
| Whydid you go to town? Howdo you turn the computer on? Whattime are you leaving? | Would you mind telling me whyyou went to town? Could I ask howyou turn the computer on? Could you tell me whattime you are leaving? |
TIME CLAUSES
| time expression | example |
| until/ by the time = up to the time when by = not later than when = at the time as soon as= immediately after before = earlier than after = later than once= after while I as in case= because (condition) | You must stay until the President gets here. By the time he arrives , the boat will have left. Let me know by Sunday if you can come . My voice hurts when I speak . As soon as dinner is cooked , we will eat! I must get to the bank before it closes . I will ring you after Mark has left. Once Ihave decided where to go, I will book my holiday. He rang while I was watching television. I saw him as I left the office. I will take my umbrella in case it rains. |
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
| GERUND (-ing form used as a noun) | INFINITIVE with to | INFINITIVE without to |
| Swimming is good for you. I enjoy swimming. Common verbs and phrases followed by a gerund -ing form: admit, avoid, deny, can't help, do you mind?, consider, dislike, enjoy, fee/like, finish, give up, imagine, mention, practise, risk, suggest | I want to watch TV this evening . Common verbs and phrases followed by an infinitive with to: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, begin*, can 't stand*, care, choose, consent, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate*, help, hesitate, hope, intend*, learn, like*, love*, manage, mean, offer, ought, prefer*, prepare, pretend, promise , refuse, regret*, remember*, seem, start*, swear, try*, want, wish | I would rather play tennis . Common verbs and phrases followed by an infinitive without to: can, could, may, might, must, shall, will, would rather |
Note: The verbs marked * can be followed by either an infinitive without to or a gerund -ing form, but there may be a change in meaning.
QUESTION TAGS
Question tags often follow sentences in speech and informal writing . We use them when we want to check if something is true .
| use | example |
| This is a regular statement but if we are not sure, we can check by adding a question tag . | We are playing tennis this afternoon , aren't we? |
The meaning of a question tag is: 'Is it true?' 'Do you agree?'
| form | example |
| We make the question tag in the same way we make an ordinary question. It consists of an auxiliary+ a pronoun.But when the main sentence is positive, the question tag is negative . When the main sentence is negative, the question tag is positive. | She is very nice, isn't she? You don't know the answer, do you? |
| use | example |
| If there is only the verb be in the main sentence , we repeat it in the question tag . | It is a nice day, isn't it? Mrs Green wasn't at home, was she? |
But:I'm vel}' late, aren't I?
The question tag for I'm is aren't I?
| use | example |
| If there is a modal auxiliary verb (can, could, must, should, will, would, etc.) in the main sentence, we repeat it in the question tag . If there is an auxiliary verb (be, have, do) in the main sentence , we repeat it in the question tag. If there is no auxiliary verb in the main sentence , we use doin the question tag. | You can't understand me, can you?They should be here, shouldn't they?Peter could help us, couldn't he? You won't tell anyone, will you? She is doing well, isn't she? It was raining, wasn't it? You haven't seen Jack , have you?Your mum doesn't speak German, does she? She didn't lose the tickets, did she? You play the piano, don't you? Tim gave you this book, didn't he? |
VOCABULARY
A
AIDS[etdz) CHIA
absorb[ab's:>:b) s6 pan1, BCMoKTysaT abuse[a'bju:z) o6pa>KaT ; 3nos>K BaT access['c.ekses)1. n. ,qocTyn; 2. v. MaT
,(IOCTyn, o,qep>KaT ,(IOCTyn
acquire[a'kwata] Ha6ysaT , 3,qo6ysaT ; o,qep>KyBaT
adherence[ad'htarans] np x nbHiCTb;
cysope ,qo,qep>KaHHfl
adolescent[.c.eda'lesnt)IOHaK; ,qiB4 Ha; ni,qniTOK
advance[ad'va:ns] npocyeaHHH; ycnix;
nporpec
affect[a'fekt) snn ean1; xs niOBaT .
3BopywysaT
affectionate[a'fekSamt) n106nHY i1.
Hi>KH ii; np cTpacH ii
allege[a'led3] Tsep,q T ; noc naT Cfl (Ha
U(OCb)
ambitious[c.em'btSas) YeCTOni06H i1; 1110 nparHe (liOZOCb, 00 l/OZOCb)
angle['c.eogl) KYT
appealing[a'pi:ho)6naranbH i1;
3Bopywn s i1;np sa6n s i1 appreciate[a'pri:Siett) Ol..liHIOBaT ; l..liHysaT argue['a:gju:) cnepeYaT cH;
apryMeHTysaT ; nepeKoHysaT
arrangement (of)[a'remd3mant]
BnOpfiAKYB8HHfl; p03TawysaHHfl;
AOMOBneHiCTb
assault[a's:>:lt] Hac nysaT ; rsamyeaT
assessment[a'sesmant] Ol..liHKa,
Ol..\iHIOB8HHfl
assist[a'stst) ,qonoMaraT . cnp HT
attend[a'tend)6YT np CYTHiM, si,qsi,qysaT ; np ,qinHT ysary; niKnyBaT Cfl, Typ6ysaT Cfl
authorise[':>:8aratz] ynosHOBa>KysaT ;
,qopyYaT
authoritiesb:'8onttz] opraH sna,q autonomous[:>:'tonamas] aBTOHOMH ii available[a'vetlabl] ,qocTynH ii. Haf!BH ii
be available6YT HaHBH M
avalanche['c.evala:nS] cHiros ii o6san, nas Ha
average['c.evand3] cepe,qHiii
avoid[a'v:>td] yH KaT
B
ban[bc.en)3a6opoHHT
bandage['bc.endtd3) 6 HT, noe'H3Ka
be groundedr'pyHTyBaT Cfl
be jailed6YT ye'H3HeH M
be obliged (to)6YT 3o6os'H3aH M
(3MyWeH M)
be satisfied with6YT 3a,qosoneH M 4 MOCb
be sinking out of sight3H KaT 3 nonH 3opy
be well regarded (in),qo6pe
KOT pysaT Cfl
become commonplacecTaT
3B 4ai1HOIO pi4410; CT8T 6aHanbH M
benefit['bemftt) ,qasaT Kop CTb;
,qonoMaraT ; o,qep>KysaT Kop CTb
blame(b!etm] 3B HYB84YB8T ; BB8>K8T B HH M
blizzard['bltzad] 3asip10xa, xypTOB Ha
boost[bu:st) ni,qHiMaT ; ,qonoMaraT ni,qHfiT Cfl; peKnaMyBaT ; ni,qB Ll.IYB8T (L{iHy)
brain drain['brem drem] ei,qnn e Mi3Kis
breakdown['bretkdaun] 1..1inKOB Te 3Hec neHHH; na,qiHHfl; po3pyxa
breakthrough['bretk8ru:] npop s.
Ben Ke ,(IOCflrHeHHfl
bricklayer['bnkleta] MynHp
c
cantankerous['kan'tc.eokras] csapn s ii.
np Yenn e ii
capture['kc.eptSa]6paT s nonoH;
cniiiMaT . cxon T ; np sepTaT (yaaay)
carpenter['ka:panta] TecnHp; cTonHp carry OUt,(1060,(\ T ,(10 KiHI..Ifl; B KOHyBaT catch smb's breath3aTaMysaT no,q x
cause[b:z] np 4 Ha; ni,qcTasa; np si,q
cheat[tF:t) 06M8HIOB8T , o6,qyp10B8T
cherish['tSenS] nneKaT ; l..liHysaT
CiViC('stvtk) rpOM8,(1fiHCbK i1, 1..\ BinbH ii
coach[kautS] KapeTa; peneT Top; TpeHep,
iHCTpyKTop
coherent[kau'htarant]3B'fi38H i1; nori4HO nocni,qosH ii
common['koman]3B 4ai1H i1; cninbH ii
have (a lot) in commonMaT Ll.IOCb (6araTO) cninbHe (cninbHOro)
commonplace['komanplets] 3B 4ai1Ha
pi4; 6aHanbHiCTb
community[ka'mju:mti] rpoMa,qa, o6111 Ha
compress[kam'pres) cT cKysanl conceal[kan'si:l) xosaT . np xosysaT concise[kan'sats) cT cn ii. KOPOTK ii conclude[kan'klu:d) yKna,qaT (ooaoaip);
po6 T B CHOBOK
VOCABULARY
conclusion[kan'klu:3n] 3asepweHHSI ;
BI!ICHOBOK
conduct[kan'dAkt] secr11; npoBO,[IIiiTiil
conduct a surveynpoBOAI!ITiil OnlilryBaHHSI , OfnSI,[I
confidence['konftdans] , : osipa;
yneBHeHiCTb
consequent['konsikwant] nocni,I:IOBHI!I ;
ll.lO E: pe3ynbT8TOM (40e0Cb) considerable[kan'sidarabl] 3HaYHiil contradictory[.kontra'diktari]
1 n. cynepeYni!IBe rsep,IJ,)KeHHSI ;
2 adj. cynepeYnliiBiil
contribute[kan'tnbju:t] cnpi!ISITI!I ; po61!1Tiil
sma, :
conviction[kan'vikjn] 3acy,IJ,)KeHHSI ;
nepeKoHaHHSI
convince[kan'vms] nepeKoHysarlil
cope with smthcnpaBI!ITI!ICSI , ynopaTI!ICSI 3 YliiMOCb
courgette[koa'3et] Ka6aYoK
course[k:>:s] KYPC; wnSlx ; crpasa
COUrt[b:t] Cy,l:l; ,[IBip; KOpT, M8 ,[18HYI!IK
couscous['ku:sku:s] KYCKYC (nisHiYHoacppi!IKaHcbKa crpasa i3 nweHI!IYHo'iKpynlil)
crucial['kru:jl] BlilpiwanbHiil
cuisine[kwi'zi:n] KYXHSI
curriculum[ka'nkjalam] Kypc HaBYaHHSI ;
HaBYanbHiil nnaH; po3KnaA
D
damage['drem1d3] 3aB,[IaBaTI!I 361!1TKiB (WKO,I:IIil) ; nOWKO,IJ,)KyB8Tiil
decay[dt'ked rHI!ITiil , po3Kna,[laTI!ICSI
degree[di'gri:] cryniHb ; rpa,[lyc
Bachelor/Master's degreecryniHb 6aKanasKa/Maricrpa
deliberate[dt'IIbarat] HaBMI!ICHiil ;
06,[1yMaHiil
delinquency[dt 'IIokwansi] 3nOYI!IHHicTb (HenOBHOniTH iX )
desirable[dt'zaiarabl] 6a>KaHI!I ,
>Ka,[laHiil
despite smth[dJ'spatt] H93Ba>KaK>YI!I Ha
ll.lOCb
device[dt'vats] nnaH; np11 oM; np11crpi .
MexaHi3M
devote[dt'vaot] npi!ICBHYysarl!l devote one's life to sciencenpliiCBSIYyBaTI!I CBOE: >KI!ITTSI Hay1..1i
devote smb to smthnp11piKan1 Korocb
Ha li.lOCb
directory[da'rektari] , : osi,[IHI!IK, noKa>KYI!IK ; a, : pecHa KHI!Ira; an¢asiTHiil cn11co K (6yOb-RKUX 08HUX} ; KaTanor
disaster[dt'za:sta] n11xo, 6i, : a;Karacrpocpa
disgrace[dts'greis]1. n. raHb6a ,
693Y9CTSI ; 2. V. f8Hb611Tiil, 6e3Y9CT I!ITI!I
distinguished[dt'sttogwtjt] BiAOMiil ,
Blii,[I8THI!I
distraction[dt'strrekjn] si, : soniKaHHSI ysar11; Heysa>KH iCTb; po3sara
diversity[dat'va:sati] pi3HOMaHiTHiCTb ,
pi3HOM8HiTTSI
dough[daol] ricro; nacra
draughts[dra:fts] wawKiil (apa)
play draughtsrpar11 B wawKiil dreadful['dredfl] >KaXllliiBiil , crpawHiil drought[draot] nocyxa, 3acyxa
drug[drAg] niKIII; HapKOTI!IK
E
employee[tm'pbti:] CnY>K60B91..1b ,
npa1..1iBHI!IK
employer[tm'pbta] po6oro, : aBel..lb
engage[m'geid3] 3a MaTI!ICSI
be engaged (in)3a MaTI!ICs:t (4UMOCb) ,
6yr11 38 HSITI!IM (4UMOCb)
enliven[m'latvn] no>Ksasntosarlil ;
Ha,[II!IX8Tiil
enterprise['entapratz] ni, : npi!IE:MCTBO
entertain[.enta'tem] po3Ba>KaTI!I ,
3a6asnSITiil
entertainer[.enta't ma] ecrpa,[IHI!I
apTI!ICT ; KOHcpepaHCbE:
entertainmentLenta'temmant] po3sara
escape[I'sketp] yreKTIII ; YHIIIKHYTI!I essential[t'senjl] Heo6xi,[IHI!I ; icroTHiil exhausted[t g'z:>:stt d] BliiCHa>KeHI!I ,
3MyY9Hiil
existence[tg'ztstans] icHysaHHSI
exponent[tk'spaonant] iHrepnperarop ;
BliiKOHaB91..1b (MY3U4HOeO meopy) ; npe, : craBHI!IK (meop1i); Tliln , 3pa3oK ; eKcnoHeHT
exposition[.ekspa'ztjn] BI!ICTaBKa ,
eKcno3111..1iSI
extended[Ik'stendtd] po3TSlrHeHiil ;
p03Wiilp9Hiil ; npO,[IOB>K9Hiii ; TpliiBanlil
extensive[tk'stenstv] o6w11pH11 ,
WlilpOKiil ; ,[laneKOCSI>KHiil
F
facility[fa'stliti] 3,1:1aTHiCTb ; yMiHHSI ;
, : ocrynHiCTb; pi MO>Kni!IBocri , YMOBI!I ; pi
YCT8TKYB8HHSI , o6na,[IH8HHSI , npliiCTpo'i
faint-hearted[.femt 'ha:hd] 6o ry3Illi!Biil , nerKOAYXIil
favoured['fetvad] nplileine oeaHiil ; l!.IO
Mae: nepeeary
fee[fi:] roHopap; nnaTH ; ecTynHIII
BHeCOK
feel a lump in smb's throatBiAYyeaTiil
Kny6oK y ropni
fit[ftt]1. V. BiAnOBiAaTI!I (40MYCb);
roAIIITI!Ic ; nacyeaTI!I (oo 4ozocb);
2. adj. 3AOPOBIII , Y A06pi cpopMi
stay fitnepe6yeaTIII y xopowi cpopMi,
niATPIIIMyBaTI!I cpopMy
flaky['fletki] nnacTiBYaCTiil
fleeting[fli:ho] CKOpOMIIIHY4111
float[flaot] nnaeaTiil, TPIIIM8TIIIC Ha noeepxHi; nni!IBTIII
fluent['flu:ant] nnaeHiil , eiJlbHiil (npo
MOBY)
forbid[fa'btd] (forbad, forbade;
forbidden)3a6opoH Tiil
fossil['fosJ] CK8M1 HilliCTb; BliiKOnHa
TBapi!IHa
foundation courseniAroTOBYIII . 6a30BIII
KYPC
founder['faonda]3aCHOBHIIIK
freedom['fri:dam] ceo6oAa, eon
frequency['fri:kwansi] YaCTOTa; YacTe
nOBTOpiOBaHH
frequent['fri:kwant] YaCTiil ; YacTo
noeTOpiOeaHiil
freshman['frejman] nepwoKypcHI!IK;
aMep. HOBaYOK (y WKOfli)
fuel['fju:al] nanl!leo; nallbHe
fussy['L\si] MeTyWilli!Biil
G
generous['d3enaraslllleAp111
get exposure6YTIII BliiCBiTileHIIIM
get insight (into)npoHI!IKHYTIII B CYTb
get on wellI18AIIITIII (3 KUMCb)
give due to the memoryBiAAaBaTIII Hane>t<He naM' Ti
global warming[.glaobl 'w:>:mto]
mo6anbHe noTenniHH
goal[gaol] MeTa, l..lillb
graduate['grred3uatl BlilnycKHIIIK Blil oro HaBYallbHOro 3aKilaAy; aMep. TOll!, l!.IO 38KiH4111B HaBYallbHiil 38KI18A
graduate (from)['grred3juett] 3aKiHYyeaTiil
HaB48JlbHiil 38KI18A
greenhouse gas[.gri:nhaos 'gres]
napHI!IKOBiil ra3
H
hailstorm['hetlsb:m] rp03a 3 rpaAOM,
3Ili!IBa;clilllbHI!I rpaA
handle['hrend!] KepyeaTiil; ynopaTIIIC 3
heatwave['hi:twetv] nepioA ClilllbHo"i
cneKIII
helicopter['hehkapta] eepTOniT
highlight['hatlatt] BIIIAill Tiil; cKpaeo
OCBiTiliOB8Tiil
high-tech(a/so hi-techBritish} [.hat 'tek]
1. n. CyY8CHa TeXHOJlOrifl;
2. adj. BliiCOKOTeXHOJ10ri4Hiil
HIV-positive[.ettj at vi: 'pozahv] BIJl
no3111TiiiBHiil
immensely[t'mensli] AY>Ke, H8A3Biii48 HO ,
H8AMipHO
implication[.tmph'ketjn] enllYTYBaHHfl;
np1!14eTHiCTb; npliiXOBaHe 3Ha4eHHfl
impose[tm'paoz] o6KilaAaTiil (noAaTKOM
TOl!.IO); nOKI18AaTiil (060B'fi3Kiil TOl!.IO)
include[m'klu:d] MiCTIIITiil e co6i;
BKI1104aTI!I AO CKI18AY
injure['md3al nowKOA Tiil; nopaHIIITiil
get injurednopaHIIITIIIC
inevitable[m'evttabl] HeMIIIHYYIII ;
HeBiABOpOTHiil
influence['mfluans]1. n. enlli!IB;
2. V. cnpaBJlfiTiil Bnlli!IB; Bnlli!IB8Tiil
be influenced bynepe6yeaTIII niA
Bnlli!IBOM YOrOCb
intercourse['mtab:s] cnillKYBaHH ;
CTOCYHKIII
interfere[.mta'fta] BTpyYaTIIICfl;
nepeWKO,Q>KaTiil
internal[m't3:nl] BHYTpiwHi
intestine[m'testm] aHam. KliiWeYHIIIK
investigate[m'veshgett] AOCili.Q>KyeaTiil;
BIIIB48Tiil; p03CiliAyBaTiil invisible[m'vtzabl] HeBIIIAIIIMiil isolated['atsalethd] i30ilbOBaHIII ;
BiAOKpeMJleHiil
IT = information technology
iHcpOpMal..li Ha TeXHOJlOrifl
J
join[d3:>tn]3'E:AHYBaTiii(Cfl),
o6'E:AHYB8Tiii(C )
junior['d3u:nial MOilOAWiil ; aMep.
CTyAeHT nepeAOCTaHHbOro Kypcy
K
keep pace withTill HapiBHi, He BiACTaBaTiil
VOCABULARY
L
landslide['lawdslatd] 3CyB , o6san
legislation[.Ied3ts'letjn] 3aKOHO,QaBC TBO
liberty['hbati] cso6o.Qa , sonH load of rubbishKYna na Ha local authoritiesMiCI..IeBa sna,Qa
M
make smb gasp3MYC H1 3a,Q XHYT C51 (p03351B T pma) Bi,Q nO,Q BY
mankind[mren'kamd] mo,QCTBO
masterpiece['mo:stapi:s] we,Qesp
mature[ma'tjua] 1. adj. CT rn . cnin ; 3pin ; 2. V. ,QOCT raT ; ,Q03piBaT ; l.linKOM p03B HYT C51
memorable['memarabl] naM'HTH .
He3a6YTHi
Montreal[.montn'::J:l] MoHpeanb
music hallMI03 K-xon ; KOHI..IepTH 3an
mutual['mju:tjual] B3aE:MH
N
notable['nautabl] B ,QaTH . B 3Ha'-IH I1
nuclear['nju:klia] H,QepH
obey[a'bet] cnyxaT C51, Kop T C51
objective[ab'd3ekttvl MeTa, nparHeHHH
obligation[.obh'getjn] 306oB'513aHHH ;
o6os'5130K
obliteration[a,bhta'retjn] 3H ll.leHHH ;
CT paHH51
obvious['obvias] HBH . O'-leB AH
obviously['obviasli] HBHO, O'-leB ,QHO
occur[a'b:] Tpanmn cH ; Bi,Q6ysan1C51
offend[a'fend] KP BA T . o6pa>t<aT
offender[a'fenda] npasonopywH K .
3n04 Hel.lb
oppose[a'pauz] '-I H T onip, on paT C51
order['::J:da] nop51,QOK
in order to.Qn51 Toro ll.I06 orphan['::J:fn] c poTa overallLauvar'::J:l] 3aranbH
overseas[.auva'si:z] 1. adj. 3aMopcbK ;
3aOKeaHCbK ; 3aKOp,QOHH ;
2. adv. 3a KOp,QOHOM ; 3a KOp,QOH
owe smth to smb[ao] 3a6oprysaT ll.IOCb
KOMYCb
ozone layer['auzaun leta] 030HOB wap
p
pace[pets] KPOKYBaT . xo,Q T participant[po:'ttst pant] y'-laCH K participate[po:'tlst pett] 6paT yYaCTb particular[pa'ttkjala] oco6n B
pass[po:s] npoxo,Q T . npo"i>K,Q>KaT ;
nepe,QaBaT
pass an exam I take an exam
3,QaBaT eK3aMeH
persistence[pa'ststans] ynepTiCTb ,
Hanonern BiCTb
persuade[pa'swetd] nepeKoHyBaT
phenomenon[ft'nomman] (pi
phenomena) HB ll.le, cpeHOMeH
poison['p::ltzn] OTPYTa
pore over[p:>:] 3ocepe,Q>KeHo B B'-IaT possibility[.post'bthti] MO>t<n BiCTb precisely[pn'saisli] TO'-IHO predecessor['pri:dtsesa] nonepe,QH K pregnant['pregnant] sariTHa
preserve[pn'Z3:v] 6eperr . oxopoHHT ;
36epiraT
prevent[pn'vent] Bi,QBepTaT ; 3ano6iraT ; nepewKo,Q>KaT
prevention[pn'venjn] 3ano6iraHH51
provide[pra'vatd] nocTa'-laT ; Ha,qasaT
publicly fundedcpiHaHcosaH
,Qep>t<aBH M KOWTOM
purpose['p3:pas] MeTa
put into wordss cnosntOBaT .
cpopMyntOBaT cnosaM
Q
quality('kwohti) HKiCTb; BnaCT BiCTb
quotation[kwau'tetjn] l.I TaTa ; l.I TYBaHHH
R
ray[ret] npoMiHb
rebellious[n'beljas] 6yHTapcbK ;
nOBCTaHCbK ; ynepT
reckon['rekan] paxysaT . ni,QpaxosysaT ;
po3paxosysaT ; .QyMaT . ra,qaT
recognize['rekagnatz) yni3HaBaT ;
B 3HaBaT
reduction[n'dt.kjn] 3H >KeHHH ;
3M9HW9 HH51, CKOp04eHH51
reject[n'd3ektl Bi,QK ,QaT . Bi,Qx mn ;
Bi,QMOBn51T
rely[n'lat] noKna,QaT CH
reliable[n'latabl] Ha,Qi H
remain[n'mem] 3an waT C51
remote[n'maut] Bi,Q,QaneH . ,QaneK
renowned[n'naund] cnaseTH .
3HaMeH T
rescue['reskju:) pHTyBaHHH ,
B 3BOneHH51
resemblance[n'zemblans ) cxo>t<iCTb ,
no,Qi6HiCTb
resist[n'ztst] o6opOH51T C51, '-I H T onip
respect[n'spekt]1. n. noeara;
2. v. noea>t<aTlll
in this respecty l..lbOMY Bi,D,HOW9HHi respond[n'spond] eip,noeip,ar11 responsibility[n,sponsi'biiiti]
eip,noeip,anbHicTb
take responsibility forB351TI1 Ha ce6e
eip,noeip,anbHiCTb 3a
responsible[n'sponsabl] ei.o.noei.o.anbHliiH
rissole['nsaul] ciYeHa Komera; n11pi>t<OK 3 M'51COM (p116010)
rude[ru:d] rpy611H, 6pyTanbHI1H
run out ofB116irar11; 3aKiHYyeaTI1C51
s
safety['selfti] 6e3neKa
salary['srelari] 3apo6irHa nnaTa
security[si'kjuanti] 6e3ne4HiCTb; 6e3neKa self-assured[.selfa'juad] caMoeneeHeHliiH self-confident[.selfkonf1dnt]
CaMOBneBH9HI1H
shadow['jredau] TiHb
sheer[jia]51BHI1H, a6contOTHI1H
shot-putting['jotputio] wroexaHH51 51p,pa shrimp[jnmp] p,pi6Ha KpeeerKa significant[sig'mfikant] ea>t<ni1B11H;
iCTOTHliiH
sitter['sita] HarypH11K; TOH, XTO no3ye: xyp,o>t<HliiKOBi(cpororpacpoei)
skilled[sklld] KBanicpiKOB8HI1H, yMinliiH
speciality[.speji'rehti] cpax,
cnet.. ianbHicrb; cpipMoea crpaea
spectator[spek'teita] rn51p,a4
spicy['spaisi] npi1CMa4eHI1H cnet.. iHMlll; 3MiWaHI1H 3i cnet.. i51M11; np51HI1H
sport event[.sp:>:t 1'ventl cnoprliiBHe 3MaraHH51
steer clear of smb (smth)YHI1KaTI1
KOroCb (ll.IOCb)
stew[stju:] rywKyear11(C51) still life[.stil 'lalf] HaTtOpMopr strict[stnkt] cyeop111i1
strike[straik] (struck; struck, stricken)
611TI1, yp,ap51T11(c51); eny4ar11
strive[straiv] (strove, striven)crapar11c51; p,oKnap,arlll 3yc11nb strive for perfectionnparHyTI-1
.o.ocKoHanocri
suicide['s(j)u:Isaid] caMory6creo
sumptuous['sAmtjuas] po3KiWH11H; nliiWHllllil, 4YAOBI1Iil
superstition[.su:pa'sbjn] 3a6o6oH
suppress[sa'pres] nplllrHiYyearlll
survival[sa'vaivl] Blii>KI1BaHH51
suspect[sa'spekt] nip,o3ptOBaTI1
T
tactless['trektlas] HeraKTOBHllllil
takeaway['teikawe!] ll.IO eip,nycKaE:TbCH Ha AiM (npo zomoei cmpaeu)
target['ta:g1t] t.. inb, MiweHb
tarragon['treragan] 6om. non11H ocrporiH
tension['tenjn] Hanpy>t<eHH51
the cutting edge[oa ,kAtiO 'ed:s] nepep,HiH
Kpalil, 1..19HTp ,D,i51nbHOCTi
threat[8ret]3arpo3a, norpo3a
tough[tAf] Mii..IHllllil, reepp,111i1; I..IYnKllllil;
p03M .Ba>KKI1Iii,T51>KKI1Iil
transmission[trrenz'mijn] nepep,aya
treat[tri:t] nOBO,D,l!ITI1C51, CTaBI1TI1C51;
niKyeaTl!l
treaty['tri:ti] .o.oroeip, yrop,a
trust[trAst] p,oeip51T11(c51); noKnap,aTI1C51
u
undertake[.Anda'teik] (undertook,
undertaken)no411HaTI1, 6par11c51; 6par11 Ha ce6e (3o6oe'R3aHHR mo o); py4aTl!IC51, rapaHTyBaTlll
unrest[An'rest] XBI1ntOBaHH51;
3aeopyweHH51
v
value['vrelju:] t.. iHHiCrb; eapricrb; t.. iHa
Vancouver[vren'ku:va] BaHKyeep
veal[vi:!] ren51ntHa
victim['viktim] >t<eprea
violation[.vaia'leijn] OCKBepHeHH51; nopyweHH51
vocational[vau'keijanl] npocpeciliiHllllil
voluntarily['volantnli] p,o6poeinbHO;
HaBMliiCHO
volunteer[.volan'ba] p,o6poeonel..lb,
BOnOHTep
w
weight[weit] sara
whirlpool['w3:lpu:l] eop,oeeprb,
Konoeopor
white goods['wait gudz] rexHiKa, 51Ka BI1KOpi1CTOBYE:TbC51 B ,D,OMaWHbOMY
rocnop,apcrei
WOrk Of artBliiTBip MI1CT9l..ITBa
work on (a project)npal..ltOBaTlll Hap, (npoeKToM}
y
yield[ji:ld]3611paHH51 nno.o.ie (ypo>t<atO);
B11p06iTOK; Blii,D,06yTOK
IRREGULAR VERBS
II Ill
beat [bi:t) ................beat [bi:t) .................beaten ['bi:tn) ............61!1n1
become [bi'kAm) .....became [bi'kelm] .....become [bl'kAm) ........cTasaTIII; po6111TIIIC begin [bi'gm) ...........began [bi'g<en) .........begun [bi'gAn)............n041!1HaTIII(c )
bend [bend] .............bent [bent] ...............bent [bent] .................3ri!IHaTIII(c )
bite [balt) ................bit [bit] .....................bitten ['bitn) ...............KycaTI!I(c )
blow [blao) ..............blew [blu:) ................blown [blaon] ..............QYTIII
break [brelk] ...........broke [braok] ...........broken ['braokan] .......naMaTIII(c )
bring [bnu) ..............brought [br:>:t)..........brought [br:>:t) ...........npi!IHOCIIITIII
build [bdd) ...............built [bdt) .................built [bdt) ...................6y,QysaTIII
burn [b3:n) ...............burnt [b3:nt) .............burnt [b3:nt) ...............3anamosaTI!I
catch [k<etj). ............caught [ht) ............caught [ht) ..............nosi!ITIII; 36arHYTIII
choose [tju:z)..........chose [tjaoz). ...........chosen ['tjaozn) .........s1116111paT111
come [kAm) ............came [kelm] ............come [kAm] ...............npi!IXO.QIIITIII
cost [kost] ...............cost [kost]................cost [kost]..................KOWTysaTIII
creep [kri:p] ............crept [krept).............crept [krept) ...............nos3aTIII
cut [kAt] ..................cut [kAt] ...................cut [kAt] .....................pi3aTI!I
drive [dra1vl ............drove [draov) ...........driven ['dnvn) ............Be3TIII, "ixaTIII fall [b:l) .................. .fell [fel) ....................fallen ['b:ln] ...............na,QaTIII
feel [fi:l] ..................felt [felt] ...................felt [felt] .....................Bi.Q4ysaTI!I
fight [fait) ................fought [b:t) ..............fought [b:t) ................6opoTI!IC
find [famd) ...............found [faond] ...........found [faond] .............3HaXO,QIIITIII
fly [fla!]....................flew [flu:)..................flown [fiaon) ...............niTaTI!I
forecast ['b:ka:st]....forecast ['b:ka:st) ....forecast ['b:ka:st) ......nporHo3ysaTI!I
forget [fa'get] ...........forgot [fa'got] ...........forgotten [fa'gotn] ......3a6ysaTI!I
forgive [fe'giv] .........forgave [fa'geiv) .......forgiven [fa'givn) ........npoiJ.IaTIII
freeze [fri:z] ............froze [fraoz] .............frozen ['fraozn) ..........3aMopo>t<ysaTI!I
give [giv) .................gave [geiv) ...............given ['givn) ...............,QasaTIII
grow [grao] .............grew [gru:] ...............grown [graon] ............pOCTIII
hang (h<eU) .............hung [hAU) ...............hung (hAU) .................BiWaTIII; BIIICiTIII
hear [hia] ................heard [h3:d) .............heard [h3:d] ...............4YTIII
hide [haid) ...............hid [hid] ...................hidden ['hidn].............xosaTI!I
hit [hit] ....................hit [hit] .....................hit [hitl.......................y.Qap TIII; sny4aTI!I
hold [haold] .............held [held]................held [held) .................Tpi!IMaTI!I
hurt [h3:t) ................hurt [h3:t) .................hurt [h3:t] ...................3as,QaTIII 6omo; y.Qapi!ITIII
keep [ki:p) ...............kept [kept) ...............kept [kept) .................Tpi!IMaTIII, 6eperr111
lay [lei) ....................laid [leid]..................laid [leid]....................KnaCTIII
lead [li:d].................led [led] ...................led [led] .....................secTI!I
learn [13:n] ...............learnt [13:nt] .............learnt [13:nt) ...............y4111TIII, 3acsotosaTI!I
leave [li:v] ...............left [left] .................. .left [left] .....................3anl!lwaTIII; niTIII
lend [lend] ...............lent [lent] .................lent [lent] ...................n031!14aTIII (KOMYCb)
let [let] ....................let [let] .....................let [let] ........................Q03Bon TIII
lie [la!) .....................lay [le!).....................lain [lem]....................ne>KaTIII
light [laJt] ................lit [ht] .......................lit [ht] .........................ocsimtosaTI!I(c )
lose [lu:zl................lost [lost] .................lost [lost] ...................ry6111TIII
mean [mi:n] ............meant [ment] ...........meant [ment] .............03Ha4aTI!I
meet [mi:t] ..............met [met] .................met [met]...................3ycTpi4aTI!I
pay [pe!]..................paid [peid]................paid [peid) ..................nnaTI!ITIII
IRREGULAR VERBS
II Ill
put [put] ..................put [put] ...................put [put].....................KilaCTI-1
retell Lri:'tel]............retold [ri:'tauld] ........retold [ri:'tauld] ..........nepeKa3aTI!1
ride [ra!d] ................rode [raud] ...............ridden ['ndn] .............."iJAI!1TI!1 sepx111
ring [no] ..................rang [rreo] ................rung [rAo] ..................A3BOHI!1TI!1
rise [ra!z] ................rose [raoz] ...............risen ['nzn] ................niAHiMaTII1C
run [rAn]..................ran [rren] ..................run [rAn] ....................6irTII1
say [sel] ..................said [sed] .................said [sed] ...................cKa3aTI!1, rosop1!1TI!1
see [si:]...................saw (s;,:] ..................seen [si:n]..................6a41!1TI!1
seek [si:k] ...............sought (s;,:t].............sought (s;:,:t]...............wyKaTI-1
sell [sell ..................sold [sauld] ..............sold [sauld] ................npoAaBaTI-1
send [send] .............sent [sent] ...............sent [sent] .................noc111naT111; nepeAaBaTI!1
set [set]...................set [set] ...................set [set] .....................noMilllaTI-1; 3aXOA111TI!1
............................................................... ..................................(npo coH e)
shake [je!k].............shook [juk] ..............shaken ['jeikan] .........Tp CTI-1
shine [jam] ..............shone (Son] ..............shone [jon] ................c Tl-1, csiTII1TI!1
shoot [ju:t] ..............shot [jot] ..................shot [jot] ....................cTpin Tl-1
show [jau] ...............showed [jaud] ..........shown [jaun] ..............noKa3ysaTI!1 shut []At] .................shut []At] ..................shut []At] ....................3aKp1!1BaTI!1
sing [s!o] .................sang [sreo] ...............sung [sAo] ..................cnisaTI-1
sink [siok] ...............sank [sreok] .............sunk [sAok] ................TOHYTI-1, nomnaTI!1;
................................................................................................. 3aHyptOBaTI!1
sleep [sli:p] .............slept [slept] ..............slept [slept] ................cnaTI-1
smell [smel] ............smelled, smelt.. .......smelled, smelt.. .........4YT111 (BiA4ysaT111)
.................... ...........[smeld], [smelt] .......[smeld], [smelt] .........3anax; HtOXaTI!1
speak [spi:k] ...........spoke [spauk] ..........spoken ['spaukan] ......rosop1!1TI!1
spell [spell ..............spelt [spelt] ..............spelt [spelt] ................BI!1MOBil TI!1 (cnoeo)
................................................................................................. no niTepax
spend [spend] ..........spent [spent] ............spent [spent] ..............B1!1Tpa4aTI!1 (apowi)
spin [sp ] ...............spun [spAn] ............._. spun [spAn] ................np CTI-1; sepTiTI-1
spread [spred].........spread [spred] .........spread [spred] ...........po3nosctap,>KyBaTI!1
stand [strend] ..........stood [stud] .............stood [stud] ...............CTO Tl-1
steal [sti:l] ...............stole [staul] ..............stolen ['staulan] .........KpacTI-1
stick [stlk] ...............stuck [stAk] ..............stuck [stAk] ................BcTpOMil Tl-1, KOilOTI!1
strike [straik] ...........struck [strAk] ...........struck [strAk] .............yAap Tl-1
sweep [swi:p]..........swept [swept] ..........swept [swept] ............MeCTI-1; 3MiTaTI!1
swim [swim]............swam [swrem] .........swum [swAm] ............nnasaTI-1
take [teik] ...............took [tuk] .................taken ['teikan] ............6paTI!1
teach [ti:tj] ..............taught [b:t]..............taught [b:t]................Ha84aTI!1
tell [tel] ...................told [tauld] ...............told [tauld] .................cKa3aTI!1, po3noBiAaTI!1
think [81okl .............thought [Eb:t1 ..........thought [8;,:t] ............AyMaTI-1
throw [erau] ...........threw [eru:] .............thrown [eraun] ..........K111AaTI!1
understand ............understood .............understood ...............po3yMiTII1
LAnda'strend] ...........[.Anda'stud] ..............[.Anda'stud]
wake [weik] ............woke [wauk] ............woken ['waukanl... .....npOK111AaTI!1C wear [wea] ..............wore (w;,:] ................worn (w;,:n] ................HOCI!1TI!1 (ooRa)
weep [wi:p] .............wept [wept]..............wept [wept]................nnaKaTI-1
win [wm] .................won [wAn] ................won [wAn]..................B1!1rpasaTI!1, nepeMaraTI!1
HaB48IlbHe BIII,QaHHfl Kapn'JOK OKcaHa ,QMumpisHa AHrlli CbKa MOBa
niAPY"'HHK AJ'l.H 11 Kilacy 3arallbHOOCBiTHiX HaB"'allbHHX 3aKI1aAiB. PieeHb cTaHAapTy
PeKoMeHi'JoeaHo MiHicmepcmeoM oceimu i HayKu YKpaiHu
AHrni CbKOIO T8 yKpa·IHCbKOIO MOB8MII1
BHAaHo Allfl einbHoro npoAa>KY
Pe,QaKTOpt.-1 lzop MuKonie, HamaniR 6ampuH
Xy.QO>KHIIIKIII fl106oMup 5euzep, IHHa ManRecbKa
,/J,IIIJaliiH i KoMn'torepHa eepcrKa AHopiu KocmuwuH, Map 'RHa Tepa3
3,QaHO ,QO Ha6opy 14.01.2011. ni,Qnt.-1CaHO ,QO APYKY 11.06.2011
<l>opMaT 70x100 1/16. rapHirypa Apian . nanip o¢ceTHI-1Iil . .QpyK o¢cerHI-1 .
YMOBH . ,.qpyK . apK. 24,1. 06n.-Bl-1.Q.apK . 25 ,7.
Tt.-1pa>K25 000 npt.-1M. 3aM. 126-11.
T30B "8t.-1.QaBHI-1f..ITBO "AcroH"
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| We use POSSESSIVE and ABSOLUTE PRONOUNS | | | C) Development of plants tolerant to abiotic stress which can be grown on degraded lands |