The Coming of Beowulf So the living sorrow of Healfdane’s son Simmered, bitter and fresh, and no wisdom Or strength could break it: that agony hung On king and people alike, harsh And unending, violent and cruel, and evil. In his far-off home Beowulf, Higlac’s Follower and the strongest of the Geats—greater And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world— Heard how Grendel filled nights with horror And quickly commanded a boat fitted out, Proclaiming that he’d go to that famous king, Would sail across the sea to Hrothgar, Now when help was needed. None[6] Of the wise ones regretted his going, much As he was loved by the Geats: the omens were good, And they urged the adventure on. So Beowulf Chose the mightiest men he could find, The bravest and best of the Geats, fourteen In all, and led them down to their boat; He knew the sea, would point the prow Straight to that distant Danish shore. . . .	4hall: the Danish King Hrothgar’s mead hall, Herot.     19spawned: born. Usually, spawned refers to the production of young by fish, amphibians, or other water-dwelling creatures. 21Cain: According to the Bible (Genesis 4:8), Cain, the eldest son of Adam and Eve, murdered his brother, Abel. 40lair: den of a wild animal.     Writer’s Technique Kennings The author uses kennings throughout this poem. A kenning is an imaginative metaphorical phrase used in place of a simple noun. For example, “mankind’s enemy” (line 79) and “that shadow of death” (line 74) are kennings that refer to Grendel.   73reparation: payment or action done to make amends for a wrong or an injury. 105Healfdane’s son: Hrothgar. 110–111Higlac’s Follower: Higlac, king of the Geats, is Beowulf’s uncle. Higlac’s follower,then, refers to Beowulf. 124prow: the bow, or forwardmost part of a ship.
Beowulf and his men sail over the sea to the land of the Danes to offer help to Hrothgar. They are escorted by a Danish guard to Herot, where Wulfgar, one of Hrothgar’s soldiers, tells the king of their arrival. Hrothgar knows of Beowulf and is ready to welcome the young prince and his men.
	Then Wulfgar went to the door and addressed The waiting seafarers with soldier’s words: “My lord, the great king of the Danes, commands me To tell you that he knows of your noble birth And that having come to him from over the open Sea you have come bravely and are welcome. Now go to him as you are, in your armor and helmets, But leave your battle-shields here, and your spears, Let them lie waiting for the promises your words May make.” Beowulf arose, with his men Around him, ordering a few to remain With their weapons, leading the others quickly Along under Herot’s steep roof into Hrothgar’s Presence. Standing on that prince’s own hearth, Helmeted, the silvery metal of his mail shirt Gleaming with a smith’s high art, he greeted The Danes’ great lord: “Hail, Hrothgar! Higlac is my cousin and my king; the days Of my youth have been filled with glory. Now Grendel’s Name has echoed in our land: sailors Have brought us stories of Herot, the best Of all mead-halls, deserted and useless when the moon Hangs in skies the sun had lit, Light and life fleeing together. My people have said, the wisest, most knowing And best of them, that my duty was to go to the Danes’ Great king. They have seen my strength for themselves, Have watched me rise from the darkness of war, Dripping with my enemies’ blood. I drove Five great giants into chains, chased All of that race from the earth. I swam In the blackness of night, hunting monsters Out of the ocean, and killing them one By one; death was my errand and the fate They had earned. Now Grendel and I are called[7] Together, and I’ve come. Grant me, then, Lord and protector of this noble place, A single request! I have come so far, Oh shelterer of warriors and your people’s loved friend, That this one favor you should not refuse me— That I, alone and with the help of my men, May purgeall evil from this hall. I have heard[8], Too, that the monster’s scorn of men Is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none. Nor will I. My lord Higlac Might think less of me if I let my sword Go where my feet were afraid to, if I hid Behind some broad linden shield: my hands Alone shall fight for me, struggle for life Against the monster. God must decide Who will be given to death’s cold grip. Grendel’s plan, I think, will be What it has been before, to invade this hall And gorgehis belly with our bodies. If he can, If he can. And I think, if my time will have come, There’ll be nothing to mourn over, no corpse to prepare For its grave: Grendel will carry our bloody Flesh to the moors, crunch on our bones And smear torn scraps of our skin on the walls Of his den. No, I expect no Danes Will fret about sewing our shrouds, if he wins. And if death does take me, send the hammered Mail of my armor to Higlac, return The inheritance I had from Hrethel, and he From Wayland. Fate will unwind as it must!”   Hrothgar replied, protector of the Danes: “Beowulf, you’ve come to us in friendship, and because Of the reception your father found at our court. Edgetho had begun a bitter feud, Killing Hathlaf, a Wulfing warrior: Your father’s countrymen were afraid of war, If he returned to his home, and they turned him away. Then he traveled across the curving waves To the land of the Danes. I was new to the throne, Then, a young man ruling this wide Kingdom and its golden city: Hergar, My older brother, a far better man Than I, had died and dying made me, Second among Healfdane’s sons, first In this nation. I bought the end of Edgetho’s Quarrel, sent ancient treasures through the ocean’s Furrows to the Wulfings; your father swore He’d keep that peace. My tongue grows heavy, And my heart, when I try to tell you what Grendel Has brought us, the damage he’s done, here In this hall. You see for yourself how much smaller[9] Our ranks have become, and can guess what we’ve lost To his terror. Surely the Lord Almighty Could stop his madness, smother his lust! How many times have my men, glowing With courage drawn from too many cups Of ale, sworn to stay after dark And stem that horror with a sweep of their swords. And then, in the morning, this mead-hall glittering With new light would be drenched with blood, the benches Stained red, the floors, all wet from that fiend’s Savage assault—and my soldiers would be fewer Still, death taking more and more. But to table, Beowulf, a banquet in your honor: Let us toast your victories, and talk of the future.”[10] Then Hrothgar’s men gave places to the Geats, Yielded benches to the brave visitors And led them to the feast. The keeper of the mead Came carrying out the carved flasks, And poured that bright sweetness. A poet Sang, from time to time, in a clear Pure voice. Danes and visiting Geats Celebrated as one, drank and rejoiced. . . .	143cousin: in this case, used broadly to mean any relative. 171linden: made from the wood of a linden tree.   Cultural History Gold Early Anglo-Saxons led simple, nomadic lives. Their only luxury was gold. This precious metal was hoarded, melted down, and taken along wherever they went. Gold was a precious commodity then, as it is today.   188–189inheritance . . . Wayland: The inheritance is the armor that Wayland, a blacksmith of Germanic legend, forged for Hrethel, Beowulf’s grandfather and former king of the Geats.
The Battle with Grendel After the banquet, Hrothgar and his followers leave Herot, and Beowulf and his warriors remain to spend the night. Beowulf reiterates his intent to fight Grendel without a sword and, while his followers sleep, lies waiting, eager for Grendel to appear.
	Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred, Grendel came, hoping to kill[11] Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot. He moved quickly through the cloudy night, Up from his swampland, sliding silently Toward that gold-shining hall. He had visited Hrothgar’s Home before, knew the way— But never, before nor after that night, Found Herot defended so firmly, his reception So harsh. He journeyed, forever joyless, Straight to the door, then snapped it open, Tore its iron fasteners with a touch And rushed angrily over the threshold. He strode quickly across the inlaid Floor, snarling and fierce: his eyes Gleamed in the darkness, burned with a gruesome Light. Then he stopped, seeing the hall Crowded with sleeping warriors, stuffed With rows of young soldiers resting together. And his heart laughed, he relished the sight, Intended to tear the life from those bodies By morning; the monster’s mind was hot With the thought of food and the feasting his belly Would soon know. But fate, that night, intended Grendel to gnaw the broken bones Of his last human supper. Human Eyes were watching his evil steps, Waiting to see his swift hard claws[12]. Grendel snatched at the first Geat He came to, ripped him apart, cut His body to bits with powerful jaws, Drank the blood from his veins and bolted Him down, hands and feet; death And Grendel’s great teeth came together, Snapping life shut. Then he stepped to another Still body, clutched at Beowulf with his claws, Grasped at a strong-hearted wakeful sleeper —And was instantly seized himself, claws Bent back as Beowulf leaned up on one arm. That shepherd of evil, guardian of crime, Knew at once that nowhere on earth Had he met a man whose hands were harder; His mind was flooded with fear—but nothing Could take his talonsand himself from that tight Hard grip. Grendel’s one thought was to run From Beowulf, flee back to his marsh and hide there: This was a different Herot than the hall he had emptied. But Higlac’s follower remembered his final Boast and, standing erect, stopped The monster’s flight, fastened those claws In his fists till they cracked, clutched Grendel Closer. The infamouskiller fought For his freedom, wanting no flesh but retreat, Desiring nothing but escape; his claws Had been caught, he was trapped. That trip to Herot Was a miserable journey for the writhing monster! The high hall rang, its roof boards swayed, And Danes shook with terror. Down The aisles the battle swept, angry And wild. Herot trembled, wonderfully Built to withstand the blows, the struggling Great bodies beating at its beautiful walls; Shaped and fastened with iron, inside And out, artfully worked, the building Stood firm. Its benches rattled, fell To the floor, gold-covered boards grating As Grendel and Beowulf battled across them[13]. Hrothgar’s wise men had fashioned Herot To stand forever; only fire, They had planned, could shatter what such skill had put Together, swallow in hot flames such splendor Of ivory and iron and wood. Suddenly The sounds changed, the Danes started In new terror, cowering in their beds as the terrible Screams of the Almighty’s enemy sang In the darkness, the horrible shrieks of pain And defeat, the tears torn out of Grendel’s Taut throat, hell’s captive caught in the arms Of him who of all the men on earth Was the strongest.   That mighty protector of men Meant to hold the monster till its life Leaped out, knowing the fiend was no use To anyone in Denmark. All of Beowulf ’s Band had jumped from their beds, ancestral Swords raised and ready, determined To protect their prince if they could. Their courage Was great but all wasted: they could hack at Grendel From every side, trying to open A path for his evil soul, but their points Could not hurt him, the sharpest and hardest iron Could not scratch at his skin, for that sin-stained demon Had bewitched all men’s weapons, laid spells That blunted every mortal man’s blade. And yet his time had come, his days Were over, his death near; down To hell he would go, swept groaning and helpless To the waiting hands of still worse fiends. Now he discovered—once the afflictor Of men, tormentor of their days—what it meant To feud with Almighty God: Grendel Saw that his strength was deserting him, his claws Bound fast, Higlac’s brave follower tearing at His hands. The monster’s hatred rose higher, But his power had gone. He twisted in pain, And the bleeding sinews deep in his shoulder Snapped, muscle and bone split And broke. The battle was over, Beowulf Had been granted new glory: Grendel escaped, But wounded as he was could flee to his den, His miserable hole at the bottom of the marsh, Only to die, to wait for the end Of all his days. And after that bloody Combat the Danes laughed with delight. He who had come to them from across the sea, Bold and strong-minded, had driven affliction Off, purged Herot clean. He was happy, Now, with that night’s fierce work; the Danes Had been served as he’d boasted he’d serve them; Beowulf, A prince of the Geats, had killed Grendel, Ended the grief, the sorrow, the suffering Forced on Hrothgar’s helpless people By a bloodthirsty fiend. No Dane doubted The victory, for the proof, hanging high From the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was the monster’s Arm, claw and shoulder and all[14].   And then, in the morning, crowds surrounded Herot, warriors coming to that hall From faraway lands, princes and leaders Of men hurrying to behold the monster’s Great staggering tracks. They gaped with no sense Of sorrow, felt no regret for his suffering, Went tracing his bloody footprints, his beaten And lonely flight, to the edge of the lake Where he’d dragged his corpselike way, doomed And already weary of his vanishing life. The water was bloody, steaming and boiling In horrible pounding waves, heat Sucked from his magic veins; but the swirling Surf had covered his death, hidden Deep in murky darkness his miserable End, as hell opened to receive him[15]. Then old and young rejoiced, turned back From that happy pilgrimage, mounted their hard-hooved Horses, high-spirited stallions, and rode them Slowly toward Herot again, retelling Beowulf ’s bravery as they jogged along. And over and over they swore that nowhere On earth or under the spreading sky Or between the seas, neither south nor north, Was there a warrior worthier to rule over men. (But no one meant Beowulf ’s praise to belittle Hrothgar, their kind and gracious king!) And sometimes, when the path ran straight and clear, They would let their horses race, red And brown and pale yellow backs streaming Down the road. And sometimes a proud old soldier Who had heard songs of the ancient heroes And could sing them all through, story after story, Would weave a net of words for Beowulf ’s Victory, tying the knot of his verses Smoothly, swiftly, into place with a poet’s Quick skill, singing his new song aloud While he shaped it, and the old songs as well. . . .[16]	277talons: the sharp, hooked claws on birds of prey and some other animals.     338sinews: bands of tissue, or tendons, that connect muscle and bone.

Grendel’s Mother Although one monster has died, another still lives. From her lair in a cold and murky lake, where she has been brooding over her loss, Grendel’s mother emerges, bent on revenge.
	So she reached Herot, Where the Danes slept as though already dead; Her visit ended their good fortune, reversed The bright vane of their luck. No female, no matter How fierce, could have come with a man’s strength, Fought with the power and courage men fight with, Smashing their shining swords, their bloody, Hammer-forged blades onto boar-headed helmets, Slashing and stabbing with the sharpest of points. The soldiers raised their shields and drew Those gleaming swords, swung them above The piled-up benches, leaving their mail shirts And their helmets where they’d lain when the terror took hold of them. To save her life she moved still faster, Took a single victim and fled from the hall, Running to the moors, discovered, but her supper Assured, sheltered in her dripping claws. She’d taken Hrothgar’s closest friend, The man he most loved of all men on earth; She’d killed a glorious soldier, cut A noble life short. No Geat could have stopped her: Beowulf and his band had been given better Beds; sleep had come to them in a different Hall. Then all Herot burst into shouts: She had carried off Grendel’s claw. Sorrow Had returned to Denmark. They’d traded deaths, Danes and monsters, and no one had won, Both had lost! . . .
Devastated by the loss of his friend, Hrothgar sends for Beowulf and recounts what Grendel’s mother has done. Then Hrothgar describes the dark lake where Grendel’s mother has dwelt with her son.
	“They live in secret places, windy Cliffs, wolf-dens where water pours From the rocks, then runs underground, where mist Steams like black clouds, and the groves of trees Growing out over their lake are all covered With frozen spray, and wind down snakelike Roots that reach as far as the water And help keep it dark. At night that lake Burns like a torch. No one knows its bottom, No wisdom reaches such depths. A deer, Hunted through the woods by packs of hounds, A stag with great horns, though driven through the forest From faraway places, prefers to die On those shores, refuses to save its life In that water. It isn’t far, nor is it A pleasant spot! When the wind stirs And storms, waves splash toward the sky, As dark as the air, as black as the rain That the heavens weep. Our only help, Again, lies with you. Grendel’s mother Is hidden in her terrible home, in a place You’ve not seen. Seek it, if you dare! Save us, Once more, and again twisted gold, Heaped-up ancient treasure, will reward you For the battle you win!” . . .
The Battle with Grendel’s Mother Beowulf accepts Hrothgar’s challenge, and the king and his men accompany the hero to the dreadful lair of Grendel’s mother. Fearlessly, Beowulf prepares to battle the terrible creature.
	He leaped into the lake, would not wait for anyone’s Answer; the heaving water covered him Over. For hours he sank through the waves; At last he saw the mud of the bottom. And all at once the greedy she-wolf Who’d ruled those waters for half a hundred Years discovered him, saw that a creature From above had come to explore the bottom Of her wet world. She welcomed him in her claws, Clutched at him savagely but could not harm him, Tried to work her fingers through the tight Ring-woven mail on his breast, but tore And scratched in vain. Then she carried him, armor And sword and all, to her home; he struggled To free his weapon, and failed. The fight Brought other monsters swimming to see Her catch, a host of sea beasts who beat at His mail shirt, stabbing with tusks and teeth As they followed along. Then he realized, suddenly, That she’d brought him into someone’s battle-hall, And there the water’s heat could not hurt him, Nor anything in the lake attack him through The building’s high-arching roof. A brilliant Light burned all around him, the lake Itself like a fiery flame[17]. Then he saw The mighty water witch, and swung his sword, His ring-marked blade, straight at her head; The iron sang its fierce song, Sang Beowulf ’s strength. But her guest Discovered that no sword could slice her evil Skin, that Hrunting could not hurt her, was useless Now when he needed it. They wrestled, she ripped And tore and clawed at him, bit holes in his helmet, And that too failed him; for the first time in years Of being worn to war it would earn no glory; It was the last time anyone would wear it. But Beowulf Longed only for fame, leaped back Into battle. He tossed his sword aside, Angry; the steel-edged blade lay where He’d dropped it. If weapons were useless he’d use His hands, the strength in his fingers. So fame Comes to the men who mean to win it And care about nothing else! He raised His arms and seized her by the shoulder; anger Doubled his strength, he threw her to the floor. She fell, Grendel’s fierce mother, and the Geats’ Proud prince was ready to leap on her. But she rose At once and repaid him with her clutching claws, Wildly tearing at him. He was weary, that best And strongest of soldiers; his feet stumbled And in an instant she had him down, held helpless. Squatting with her weight on his stomach, she drew A dagger, brown with dried blood, and prepared To avenge her only son. But he was stretched On his back, and her stabbing blade was blunted By the woven mail shirt he wore on his chest. The hammered links held; the point Could not touch him. He’d have traveled to the bottom of the earth, Edgetho’s son, and died there, if that shining Woven metal had not helped—and Holy God, who sent him victory, gave judgment For truth and right, Ruler of the Heavens, Once Beowulf was back on his feet and fighting.   Then he saw, hanging on the wall, a heavy Sword, hammered by giants, strong And blessed with their magic, the best of all weapons But so massive that no ordinary man could lift Its carved and decorated length. He drew it From its scabbard, broke the chain on its hilt, And then, savage, now, angry And desperate, lifted it high over his head And struck with all the strength he had left, Caught her in the neck and cut it through, Broke bones and all. Her body fell To the floor, lifeless, the sword was wet With her blood, and Beowulf rejoiced at the sight[18]. The brilliant light shone, suddenly, As though burning in that hall, and as bright as Heaven’s Own candle, lit in the sky. He looked[19] At her home, then following along the wall Went walking, his hands tight on the sword, His heart still angry. He was hunting another Dead monster, and took his weapon with him For final revenge against Grendel’s vicious Attacks, his nighttime raids, over And over, coming to Herot when Hrothgar’s Men slept, killing them in their beds, Eating some on the spot, fifteen Or more, and running to his loathsomemoor With another such sickening meal waiting In his pouch. But Beowulf repaid him for those visits, Found him lying dead in his corner, Armless, exactly as that fierce fighter Had sent him out from Herot, then struck off His head with a single swift blow. The body Jerked for the last time, then lay still. The wise old warriors who surrounded Hrothgar, Like him staring into the monsters’ lake, Saw the waves surging and blood Spurting through. They spoke about Beowulf, All the graybeards, whispered together And said that hope was gone, that the hero Had lost fame and his life at once, and would never Return to the living, come back as triumphant As he had left; almost all agreed that Grendel’s Mighty mother, the she-wolf, had killed him[20]. The sun slid over past noon, went further Down. The Danes gave up, left The lake and went home, Hrothgar with them. The Geats stayed, sat sadly, watching, Imagining they saw their lord but not believing They would ever see him again. —Then the sword Melted, blood-soaked, dripping down Like water, disappearing like ice when the world’s Eternal Lord loosens invisible Fetters and unwinds icicles and frost As only He can, He who rules Time and seasons, He who is truly God. The monsters’ hall was full of Rich treasures, but all that Beowulf took Was Grendel’s head and the hilt of the giants’ Jeweled sword; the rest of that ring-marked Blade had dissolved in Grendel’s steaming Blood, boiling even after his death. And then the battle’s only survivor Swam up and away from those silent corpses; The water was calm and clean, the whole Huge lake peaceful once the demons who’d lived in it Were dead. Then that noble protector of all seamen Swam to land, rejoicing in the heavy Burdens he was bringing with him. He And all his glorious band of Geats Thanked God that their leader had come back unharmed; They left the lake together. The Geats Carried Beowulf ’s helmet, and his mail shirt. Behind them the water slowly thickened As the monsters’ blood came seeping up. They walked quickly, happily, across Roads all of them remembered, left The lake and the cliffs alongside it, brave men Staggering under the weight of Grendel’s skull, Too heavy for fewer than four of them to handle— Two on each side of the spear jammed through it— Yet proud of their ugly load and determined That the Danes, seated in Herot, should see it[21]. Soon, fourteen Geats arrived At the hall, bold and warlike, and with Beowulf, Their lord and leader, they walked on the mead-hall Green. Then the Geats’ brave prince entered Herot, covered with glory for the daring Battles he had fought; he sought Hrothgar To salute him and show Grendel’s head. He carried that terrible trophy by the hair, Brought it straight to where the Danes sat, Drinking, the queen among them. It was a weird And wonderful sight, and the warriors stared. . . .	Literary History Triumphal Procession Many epic poems feature a triumphal procession after the hero’s victory. In Greek and Roman epics, this procession featured the hero’s chariot, wagonloads of treasure, and many captives. Beowulf, an epic from a more violent time, uses a gruesome head impaled on a spear and a band of weary warriors carrying the hero’s helmet and mail shirt. 479Hrunting: a sword that a Danish warrior had lent to Beowulf.     519scabbard: a case that protects a sword’s blade. hilt: the sword’s handle, which protrudes from the scabbard.     578that noble protector of all seamen: Beowulf. This phrase recalls an account Beowulf tells earlier in the epic and sums up in lines 561–564, in which he boasts of having slain sea monsters and thus prevented them from attacking other seamen.

Beowulf’s Last Battle With Grendel’s mother destroyed, peace is restored to the land of the Danes, and Beowulf, laden with Hrothgar’s gifts, returns to the land of his own people, the Geats. After his uncle and cousin die, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules in peace and prosperity for 50 years. One day, however, a fire-breathing dragon that has been guarding a treasure for hundreds of years is disturbed by a thief, who enters the treasure tower and steals a cup. The dragon begins terrorizing the Geats, and Beowulf, now an old man, takes on the challenge of fighting it.
	And Beowulf uttered his final boast: “I’ve never known fear, as a youth I fought In endless battles. I am old, now, But I will fight again, seek fame still, If the dragon hiding in his tower dares To face me.” Then he said farewell to his followers[22], Each in his turn, for the last time: “I’d use no sword, no weapon, if this beast Could be killed without it, crushed to death Like Grendel, gripped in my hands and torn Limb from limb. But his breath will be burning Hot, poison will pour from his tongue. I feel no shame, with shield and sword And armor, against this monster: when he comes to me I mean to stand, not run from his shooting Flames, stand till fate decides Which of us wins. My heart is firm, My hands calm: I need no hot Words. Wait for me close by, my friends. We shall see, soon, who will survive This bloody battle, stand when the fighting Is done. No one else could do What I mean to, here, no man but me Could hope to defeat this monster[23]. No one Could try. And this dragon’s treasure, his gold And everything hidden in that tower, will be mine Or war will sweep me to a bitter death!” Then Beowulf rose, still brave, still strong, And with his shield at his side, and a mail shirt on his breast, Strode calmly, confidently, toward the tower, under The rocky cliffs: no coward could have walked there! And then he who’d endured dozens of desperate Battles, who’d stood boldly while swords and shields Clashed, the best of kings, saw Huge stone arches and felt the heat Of the dragon’s breath, flooding down Through the hidden entrance, too hot for anyone To stand, a streaming current of fire And smoke that blocked all passage. And the Geats’ Lord and leader, angry, lowered His sword and roared out a battle cry, A call so loud and clear that it reached through The hoary rock, hung in the dragon’s Ear. The beast rose, angry, Knowing a man had come—and then nothing But war could have followed. Its breath came first, A steaming cloud pouring from the stone, Then the earth itself shook. Beowulf Swung his shield into place, held it In front of him, facing the entrance. The dragon Coiled and uncoiled, its heart urging it Into battle. Beowulf ’s ancient sword Was waiting, unsheathed, his sharp and gleaming Blade. The beast came closer; both of them Were ready, each set on slaughter. The Geats’ Great prince stood firm, unmoving, prepared Behind his high shield, waiting in his shining Armor. The monster came quickly toward him, Pouring out fire and smoke, hurrying To its fate. Flames beat at the iron Shield, and for a time it held, protected Beowulf as he’d planned; then it began to melt, And for the first time in his life that famous prince Fought with fate against him, with glory Denied him. He knew it, but he raised his sword And struck at the dragon’s scaly hide[24]. The ancient blade broke, bit into The monster’s skin, drew blood, but cracked And failed him before it went deep enough, helped him Less than he needed. The dragon leaped With pain, thrashed and beat at him, spouting Murderous flames, spreading them everywhere. And the Geats’ ring-giver did not boast of glorious Victories in other wars: his weapon Had failed him, deserted him, now when he needed it Most, that excellent sword. Edgetho’s Famous son stared at death, Unwilling to leave this world, to exchange it For a dwelling in some distant place—a journey Into darkness that all men must make, as death Ends their few brief hours on earth. Quickly, the dragon came at him, encouraged As Beowulf fell back; its breath flared, And he suffered, wrapped around in swirling Flames—a king, before, but now A beaten warrior. None of his comrades Came to him, helped him, his brave and noble Followers; they ran for their lives, fled Deep in a wood. And only one of them Remained, stood there, miserable, remembering, As a good man must, what kinship should mean[25]. His name was Wiglaf, he was Wexstan’s son And a good soldier; his family had been Swedish, Once. Watching Beowulf, he could see How his king was suffering, burning. Remembering Everything his lord and cousin had given him, Armor and gold and the great estates Wexstan’s family enjoyed, Wiglaf ’s Mind was made up; he raised his yellow Shield and drew his sword. . . . And Wiglaf, his heart heavy, uttered The kind of words his comrades deserved: “I remember how we sat in the mead-hall, drinking And boasting of how brave we’d be when Beowulf Needed us, he who gave us these swords And armor: all of us swore to repay him, When the time came, kindness for kindness —With our lives, if he needed them. He allowed us to join him, Chose us from all his great army, thinking Our boasting words had some weight, believing Our promises, trusting our swords. He took us For soldiers, for men. He meant to kill This monster himself, our mighty king, Fight this battle alone and unaided, As in the days when his strength and daring dazzled Men’s eyes. But those days are over and gone And now our lord must lean on younger Arms. And we must go to him, while angry Flames burn at his flesh, help Our glorious king! By almighty God, I’d rather burn myself than see Flames swirling around my lord. And who are we to carry home Our shields before we’ve slain his enemy And ours, to run back to our homes with Beowulf So hard-pressed here? I swear that nothing He ever did deserved an end Like this, dying miserably and alone, Butchered by this savage beast: we swore That these swords and armor were each for us all!” . . .	647–649A call . . . ear: The dragon hears the echoing sound of Beowulf’sbattle cry.       698his family had been Swedish: Wiglaf, though of Swedish descent, considers himself to be a Geat. It was not unusual for a warrior from one people to serve the chief or king of another people.
The Death of Beowulf Wiglaf joins Beowulf, who again attacks the dragon single-handed; but the remnant of his sword shatters, and the monster wounds him in the neck. Wiglaf then strikes the dragon, and he and Beowulf together finally succeed in killing the beast. Their triumph is short-lived, however, because Beowulf’s wound proves to be mortal.
	Beowulf spoke, in spite of the swollen, Livid wound, knowing he’d unwound His string of days on earth, seen As much as God would grant him; all worldly Pleasure was gone, as life would go, Soon: “I’d leave my armor to my son, Now, if God had given me an heir, A child born of my body, his life Created from mine. I’ve worn this crown For fifty winters: no neighboring people Have tried to threaten the Geats, sent soldiers Against us or talked of terror. My days Have gone by as fate willed, waiting For its word to be spoken, ruling as well As I knew how, swearing no unholy oaths, Seeking no lying wars. I can leave This life happy; I can die, here, Knowing the Lord of all life has never Watched me wash my sword in blood Born of my own family. Beloved[26] Wiglaf, go, quickly, find The dragon’s treasure: we’ve taken its life, But its gold is ours, too. Hurry, Bring me ancient silver, precious Jewels, shining armor and gems, Before I die. Death will be softer, Leaving life and this people I’ve ruled So long, if I look at this last of all prizes.”   Then Wexstan’s son went in, as quickly As he could, did as the dying Beowulf Asked, entered the inner darkness Of the tower, went with his mail shirt and his sword. Flushed with victory he groped his way, A brave young warrior, and suddenly saw Piles of gleaming gold, precious Gems, scattered on the floor, cups And bracelets, rusty old helmets, beautifully Made but rotting with no hands to rub And polish them. They lay where the dragon left them; It had flown in the darkness, once, before fighting Its final battle. (So gold can easily Triumph, defeat the strongest of men, No matter how deep it is hidden!) And he saw[27], Hanging high above, a golden Banner, woven by the best of weavers And beautiful. And over everything he saw A strange light, shining everywhere, On walls and floor and treasure. Nothing Moved, no other monsters appeared; He took what he wanted, all the treasures That pleased his eye, heavy plates And golden cups and the glorious banner, Loaded his arms with all they could hold. Beowulf ’s dagger, his iron blade, Had finished the fire-spitting terror That once protected tower and treasures Alike; the gray-bearded lord of the Geats Had ended those flying, burning raids Forever[28]. Then Wiglaf went back, anxious To return while Beowulf was alive, to bring him Treasure they’d won together. He ran, Hoping his wounded king, weak And dying, had not left the world too soon. Then he brought their treasure to Beowulf, and found His famous king bloody, gasping For breath. But Wiglaf sprinkled water Over his lord, until the words Deep in his breast broke through and were heard. Beholding the treasure he spoke, haltingly: “For this, this gold, these jewels, I thank Our Father in Heaven, Ruler of the Earth— For all of this, that His grace has given me, Allowed me to bring to my people while breath Still came to my lips. I sold my life For this treasure, and I sold it well. Take What I leave, Wiglaf, lead my people, Help them; my time is gone. Have The brave Geats build me a tomb, When the funeral flames have burned me, and build it Here, at the water’s edge, high On this spit of land, so sailors can see This tower, and remember my name, and call it Beowulf ’s tower, and boats in the darkness And mist, crossing the sea, will know it.”[29] Then that brave king gave the golden Necklace from around his throat to Wiglaf, Gave him his gold-covered helmet, and his rings, And his mail shirt, and ordered him to use them well: “You’re the last of all our far-flung family. Fate has swept our race away, Taken warriors in their strength and led them To the death that was waiting. And now I follow them.” The old man’s mouth was silent, spoke No more, had said as much as it could; He would sleep in the fire, soon. His soul Left his flesh, flew to glory. ... And when the battle was over Beowulf ’s followers Came out of the wood, cowards and traitors, Knowing the dragon was dead. Afraid, While it spit its fires, to fight in their lord’s Defense, to throw their javelins and spears, They came like shamefaced jackals, their shields In their hands, to the place where the prince lay dead, And waited for Wiglaf to speak. He was sitting Near Beowulf ’s body, wearily sprinkling Water in the dead man’s face, trying To stir him. He could not. No one could have kept Life in their lord’s body, or turned Aside the Lord’s will: world And men and all move as He orders, And always have, and always will. Then Wiglaf turned and angrily told them What men without courage must hear. Wexstan’s brave son stared at the traitors, His heart sorrowful, and said what he had to: “I say what anyone who speaks the truth Must say. . . . Too few of his warriors remembered To come, when our lord faced death, alone. And now the giving of swords, of golden Rings and rich estates, is over, Ended for you and everyone who shares Your blood: when the brave Geats hear How you bolted and ran none of your race Will have anything left but their lives. And death Would be better for them all, and for you, than the kind Of life you can lead, branded with disgrace!”...[30] Then the warriors rose, Walked slowly down from the cliff, stared At those wonderful sights, stood weeping as they saw Beowulf dead on the sand, their bold Ring-giver resting in his last bed; He’d reached the end of his days, their mighty War-king, the great lord of the Geats, Gone to a glorious death. ...	814funeral flames: It was the custom to cremate the bodies of the dead on a pile of flammable materials known as a funeral pyre.
Mourning Beowulf
	Then the Geats built the tower, as Beowulf Had asked, strong and tall, so sailors Could find it from far and wide; working For ten long days they made his monument, Sealed his ashes in walls as straight And high as wise and willing hands Could raise them. And the riches he and Wiglaf Had won from the dragon, rings, necklaces, Ancient, hammered armor—all The treasures they’d taken were left there, too, Silver and jewels buried in the sandy Ground, back in the earth, again And forever hidden and useless to men. And then twelve of the bravest Geats Rode their horses around the tower, Telling their sorrow, telling stories Of their dead king and his greatness, his glory, Praising him for heroic deeds, for a life As noble as his name. So should all men Raise up words for their lords, warm With love, when their shield and protector leaves His body behind, sends his soul On high. And so Beowulf ’s followers Rode, mourning their beloved leader[31], Crying that no better king had ever Lived, no prince so mild, no man So open to his people, so deserving of praise.

After Reading

Comprehension: Recall and Interpret

1. Describe where Grendel lives and the nature of his origins. What do the details of Grendel’s origins and dwelling place add to your impression of him?

2. What reasons does Beowulf give for wanting to fight Grendel? How does he intend to fight the beast? Summarize what happens during the battle between Grendel and Beowulf at Herot. During the battle between Beowulf and Grendel, the reader learns Grendel’s thoughts and feelings. How does hearing about his fears and feelings affect your impression of the monster?

3. Why does Grendel’s mother try to kill Beowulf? Describe their struggle and its outcome. After the struggle with Grendel’s mother, why does Beowulf search for Grendel? Why does he feel as he does?

4. Briefly describe the dragon. Then describe the incident that causes the dragon to attack Geatland. Why does Beowulf feel that he must fight the dragon? Why does Wiglaf come to Beowulf’s aid? In what ways are the two men similar? In what ways are they different?

Literary Analysis: Evaluate and Connect

R 7+FHkB/2HH6E+7rvHl7yjahMZdZkJluWKfRjJl2QOQ9dcbPycjnJugRpmc8WmAeTRs8KRuYF5xw1 mjFxGTzKOnDMc+mhyf59hOcM1Gufeq4MPOsL4gJqhAafMOTIv+S8S7Nf5fxD+ATVc1+qn8+kdnwq 5/WmbBwciLu+Lqs7+2JvbIu3V2OtnUOoSfIjMF6dqrBf+SRW5UDsyr64IWnCdGXP4BK6lV1x7kFl 3I9d6P6YuS8P9x7f4j5uwSU+Ji6D/jpgfdgTxds/khz99e72gaQ2t6jb/DfDzq7kdnfF296S3N6u rGxsiPVxR1LIvy9vS+PqOiYug0deB67IX8g14V1Ecv1hOzjfJ/6Ga7YHqUdx7a/ih9Tb13IOZ6Rz 2oKLS6k3L6XRbEkLmZ9E5BfQ38+g238LAAAA//8DAFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQCm5lH7DAEAABUC AAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADj9 If/WAAAAlAEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPQEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAJ32 MAPAAgAAlQUAAA4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPAIAAGRycy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAh AI4iCUK6AAAAIQEAABkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKAUAAGRycy9fcmVscy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sLnJlbHNQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEA0bHtRuEAAAALAQAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAZBgAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYu eG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhALb7SFaQqQAALGADABQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJwcAAGRycy9tZWRp YS9pbWFnZTEuZW1mUEsFBgAAAAAGAAYAfAEAAOmwAAAAAA== "> 5. Analyze ThemeBeowulf is able to defeat evilin the form of Grendel and Grendel’s mother, yet he loses his life when he battles the dragon. What theme does this suggest about the struggle between good and evil?

6. Examine Epic CharacteristicsReview the characteristics of an epic. Then use a chart like the one shown to list Beowulf’s traits as an epic heroand the deeds that demonstrate these traits. Do you think Beowulf is a typical epic hero? Use details from the poem to explain your answer.

7. Theme Connections Based on the character of Beowulf, identify three qualities that the early Anglo-Saxons might have valued. In your opinion, does our culture value these character traits?

8. Compare and ContrastCompare and contrast the portrayals of Beowulf as a young and old man. Also compare Hrothgar’s recollections of his early deeds with his limitations as an aged king. What view of youth and age do these comparisons convey? Support your conclusions with specific evidence.

9. Draw ConclusionsDescribe Beowulf’s attitude toward death or mortality in each of the following passages. How does his attitude change over time? Cite evidence to support your conclusions.

• lines 179–189 (“And I think . . . unwind as it must!”)

• lines 481–492 (“They wrestled . . . care about nothing else!”)

• lines 665–691 (“Flames beat at the iron . . . beaten warrior.”)

10. Evaluate Author’s PurposeReread lines 81–85, which reveal the influence of Christianity on the Beowulf Poet. Why might the poet have chosen to describe Hrothgar and Grendel in terms of their relationship to God?

11. Analyze Old English PoetryIn what ways might the alliteration, caesuras,and kenningsin Beowulf have helped Anglo-Saxon poets chant or sing the poem and convey its meaning?

12. Analyzing Setting In the first part of Beowulf, Grendel attacks Herot, Hrothgar’s hall. In the last part of the epic, the dragon destroys Beowulf’s hall. In a paragraph or two, analyze the significance of the two settings. What does Herot mean to Hrothgar and the Danish people? What does the destruction of Beowulf’s hall represent? Use details from the poem to support your explanation.

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 7188