gENERAL PATHOMORPHOLOGY (PART i): HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH METHODS. CELL PATHOLOGY. Degenerations. necrosis apoptosis. general death. HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS INFLAMMATION

Objective of the lesson: Elaboration of optimal criteria and evaluation of the level of student’s knowledge.

Tasks:

1. Determine the level of knowledge using technical means of education (computer access).

2. Determine the level of knowledge using test control (“Taschenbuch” system).

3. Determine the level of knowledge according to the system “Krok-1” and resolving situational tasks with the description of gross specimens, microscopic specimens, electron micrographs and classification of pathological processes.

4. Determine the level of knowledge traditionally.

Theoretical part

Final control of knowledge stipulates three-level attestation. At the first stage, they determine the level of theoretical formation with help of technical means of control fixing the percentage of knowledge sufficiency (computer “access”). At the second stage, they determine the practical level of formation by means of check-up of the performed tasks and interview on the most important chapters of the subject. At the third stage, they determine the level of knowledge according to the system “Taschenbuch” and “Krok-1”.

Thus, the evaluation of the formation level has a complex character and in its base it has the developing skills of clinically anatomic thinking of a future doctor. If the level of knowledge is determined to be insufficient at the first stage, the further attestation has no sense. If it is sufficient, they pass to the second and the third stage of attestation with the evaluation of the formation level in conformity with generally accepted criteria.

It means that the grade “excellent” is conferred to the student who showed versatile, systematic and deep knowledge of the learnt material, ability to easy perform written works stipulated in the program of anatomical pathology (accomplishment of situational tasks, description of gross specimens and microscopic specimens, electron micrographs, classification of pathological processes and diseases) easily, mastered the material of the main and supplementary literature, showed creative abilities in understanding and interpretation of educational material.

The grade “good” is conferred to the student who showed the knowledge of educational material, mastered the main literature on the subject, and also showed abilities in independent mastering of separate chapters of the subject, necessary for the future specialization.

The grade “satisfactory” is conferred to the student whose knowledge on the subject provides for the necessity to learn the material more deeply and to read the main literature on the curriculum. The student makes mistakes performing written tasks (accomplishment of situational tasks, description of macro- and micro preparations, electronic diffraction patterns, has superficial knowledge of the classification of pathological processes), but he has a sufficient volume of knowledge to meet the lacks.

If the level of knowledge does not correspond to the above-mentioned criteria, the student is conferred with the grade “unsatisfactory”.

Practical part

It stipulates sequential accomplishment of tasks necessary to determine the final level of knowledge.

FINAL-CHECK TEST

1. Give definition of pathomorphology

2. Name components of pathomorphology

3. Explain the aim of pathomorphology

4. Explain the tasks of pathomorphology

5. Name the levels of pathological processes

6. Name the objects and methods of research in pathomorphology

7. Name the periods of the pathomorphology development

8. Describe normal ultrastructure of the cell

9. Describe functions of intracellular organella in norma

10. Describe pathology of the cell nucleus

11. Describe pathology of the endoplasmic reticulum

12. Describe pathology of the plasmalemma

13. Describe pathology of the mitosis

14. Describe pathology of the chondriosomes

15. Describe pathology of lysosomes

16. Pathology of the Golgi apparatus

17. Give the difinition of degeneration

18. Give the classification of degeneration

19. Describe morphogenetic mechanisms of degeneration

20. Give the definition of parenchymatous degeneration

21. Give the classification of parenchymatous degenerations

22. Describe etiology of parenchymatous degeneration

23. Describe morphogenesis of parenchymatous protein degenerations

24. Comment gross and microscopic image of the kidney with protein degeneration

25. Comment gross and microscopic image of the heart with protein degeneration

26. Comment gross and microscopic image of the liver with protein degeneration

27. Describe morphology of horny degeneration

28. Comment gross and microscopic image of the kidney with fatty degeneration

29. Comment gross and microscopic image of the heart with fatty degeneration

30. Comment gross and microscopic image of the liver with fatty degeneration

31. Comment gross and microscopic image of the kidney with carbohydrate degeneration

32. Comment gross and microscopic image of the heart with carbohydrate degeneration

33. Comment gross and microscopic image of the liver with carbohydrate degeneration

34. Name ultrastructural signs of protein degeneration in the heart, liver and kidneys

35. Name ultrastructural signs of the fatty degeneration in the heart, liver and kidneys

36. Name ultrastructural signs of the carbohydrate degeneration in the heart, liver and kidneys

37. Name kinds of fermentophaties

38. Give examples of hereditary protein degeneration

39. Give examples of hereditary lipidosis

40. Give examples of hereditary carbohydrate degeneration

41. Give definition of mesenchymaldegeneration

42. Give classification of mesenchymaldegeneration

43. Explain morphogenesis of protein mesenchymaldegeneration

44. Explain histological and histochemical characteristic of different forms of protein mesenchymaldegeneration

45. Name morphogenetic factors of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling

46. Explain morphology of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling

47. Give ultrastructural characteristic of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling

48. Name kinds of fibrinoid

49. Give classification of hyalinosis

50. Describe morphology of organs in hyalinosis

51. Describe morphogenesis of amyloidosis

52. Give classification of amyloidosis

53. Name specific reactions for amyloid detection

54. Comment gross and microscopic image of the organs in amyloidosis

55. Give ultrastructural characteristic of amyloidosis

56. Give classification of mesenchymallipidosis

57. Describe etiology of mesenchymallipidosis

58. Comment gross and microscopic image of the organs in mesenchymallipidosis

59. Characterize significance of obesity for the organism

60. Characterize carbohydrate mesenchymal degeneration

61. What is hemosiderosis? Name its types

62. Explain mechanisms of hemosiderin formation

63. Name types of jaundice depending on the way of its development

64. Which pathology is caused by bile stasis?

65. Where is hemomelanin accumulated and in what disease?

66. What is the colour of the organs in hemomelanosis?

67. In what diseases does porphyria develop?

68. Explain mechanisms of melanin formation

69. Give the examples of general and acquired melanosis

70. What conditions and diseases cause increased quantity of lipofuscin?

71. Name end products of nucleic acid decomposition

72. Explane importance of microelements for the organism

73. In which processes do calcium salts take place?

74. What is calcium metabolism regulated in the organism by?

75. Name the types of calcification according to their mechanisms

76. In which organs does petrification often occur?

77. In which organs does deposition of calcium salts occur during metastatic calcification?

78. Name the diseases, which are accompanied by hyperkaliemia and kaliopenia

79. Name forms of Wilson's disease

80. Name the general and local causes of stone formation

81. Name the types of cholelithiasis according to the chemical components

82. Name the types of uric stones according to theirs components

83. Name outcomes of urolithiasis

84. Give definition of necrosis

85. Name the causes of necrosis

86. Name the levels of necrotic process

87. Give classification principles of necrosis

88. Name types of cell death

89. Name types of necrosis depending on its etiology

90. Name types of necrosis depending on its pathogenesis

91. Name pathogenic factors of necrosis

92. Name factors, that determine the type of necrosis (dry, moist)

93. Explain morphogenesis of necrosis

94. Name basic macroscopic signs of necrosis

95. Describe microscopic morphology of necrosis

96. Name clinical and morphologic forms of necrosis

97. Name stages of necrotic process

98. Give ultrastructural characteristics of necrosis

99. Name ultrastructural standards of chondriosome damage

100. Name stages of nuclear death in necrosis

101. Name changes in a cytoplasm in cell death

102. Give ultrastructural characters of necrosis: · changes of nuclei a)... · changes of chondriosomes b)... c)... d)... · changes of endoplasmic reticulum e)... · changes of ribosomes, polysomes f)... g)... · changes of lysosome h)... i)... · changes of enchylema j)... k)...

103. Give characteristic of colliquative necrosis

104. Explain etiology of moist gangrene

105. Name varieties of gangrene

106. Describe colliquative gangrene in organs

107. Name clinical and anatomical signs of moist gangrene

108. Describe localization of gangrene in an organism

109. Explain diversity of gangrene

110. Describe macroscopic morphology: a)... b)... c)... and microscopic morphology of d)... e)... f)... of dry necrosis

111. Describe etiology of mummification necrosis

112. Describe etiology of colliquative gangrene

113. Describe clinical and morphologic characteristics of mummification necrosis

114. Describe characteristic of caseous necrosis

115. Name organs, in which infarction leads to death more frequently

116. Give definition of sequester

117. Give description of sequester

118. Name consequences of necrosis

119. Give dsfinition of apoptosis

120. What is apoptosis in translation from Greek?

121. Name scientist who offered the term of “apoptosis”

122. Describe morphogenesis of apoptosis

123. Name microscopic signs of apoptosis

124. Give ultrastructural characteristic of apoptosis

125. Name changes of cytoplasm in apoptosis

126. Explain differences between apoptosis and necrosis

127. When bedsore development is possible?

128. Explain the value of cellular death

129. Give classification of general death

130. Name types of general death depending on etiology

131. Name signs of general (biological) death

132. Name types of a postmortal lividity

133. Name signs of agony

134. Give classification of disorders of blood circulation and lymphokinesis

135. Give definition and classification of hyperemia

136. Name the causes of general and local passive hyperemia

137. Describe morphology and morphogenesis of fibrosis of the liver in chronic passive hyperemia

138. Describe morphology and morphogenesis of brawn induration of the lungs

139. Comment gross and microscopic changes of organs in chronic passive hyperemia

140. Give definition and classification of ischemia

141. Describe morphologic changes of organs in ischemia

142. Give classification of bleeding (give its Latin transcription)

143. Name the causes and describe morphogenesis of blood stasis

144. Give classification, describe mechanism and morphology of organs and tissues in lymphokinesis disorders

145. Give definitition of thrombosis

146. Describe morphogenesis of blood clot organization

147. Comment gross and microscopic specimens of blood clot

148. Name consequences of thrombosis and their value for an organism

149. Give definition of embolism

150. Give classification of embolism

151. Describe morphology of embolism

152. Thrombembolia of pulmonary artery: source of origin, morphology and consequences

153. Give definitions, kinds and explain morphology of infarction

154. Name the consequences of infarction and explain their value for an organism

155. Give definition of shock

156. Give classification of shock

157. Morphologic signs of shock

158. Give clinical and morphologic characteristic and stages of hemorrhagic syndrome

159. Give definition of inflammation

160. Name the scientists who the first described an inflammation

161. Name the scientists, who introduced important contribution in studying the inflammation problem

162. Name clinical symptoms of inflammation (give its Latin transcription)

163. Name exogenous and endogenous inflammation factors

164. Give clinical classification of inflammation

165. Explain inflammatory reaction meaning

166. Name the phases of inflammation

167. Describe reaction of the microvasculature as a response to injury

168. Name vessel factor of inflammation characteristic

169. Give the mediation process characteristic

170. Explane microscopic morphology of alteration

171. Name plasmatic mediators of inflammation

172. Name cellular mediators of inflammation

173. Name cellular mediators support

174. Characterize vasoactive amins producing

175. Name arachidonic acid metabolites

176. Describe local cytokine activity

177. Name leukocytic ferments induced by histolysis

178. Explain hageman factor meaning

179. Name vasoactive amines

180. Characterize exudation phases

181. Name exudative factors

182. Name phases of leukodiapedesis

183. Name the main signs of proliferation phase

184. Name the cells interacted in the inflammation zone

185. Name parts of monocyte - macrophage system

186. Name the factors determining the exudate character

187. Name immunologic inflammation phases

188. Name phagocytosis types

189. Name phagocytosis phases

190. Name complement components

191. Describe variations of cell transformation in the proliferation phase

192. Name cells of hystiogenic origin in the inflammation zone

193. What cells reproduce in the proliferation phase?

194. Describe proliferation factors and cellular elements differentiation (proliferation phase)

195. Name morphologic inflammation types

196. Characterize not separate exudative inflammation types

197. Name separate exudative inflammation types

198. Describe exudate cellular composition

199. Name exudative inflammation types

200. Name the causes of serous inflammation reasons

201. Give serous exudate characteristic

202. Describe the consequences of serous inflammation for the organism

203. Name purulent inflammation types

204. Name purulent inflammation signs

205. Name abscess types (clinical)

206. Describe abscess micromorphology

207. Name compound elements of pyogenic membrane

208. Name clinical signs of a cold abscess

209. Describe predominant phlegmon localization

210. Name the factors contributed to phlegmon onset

211. Give the names of a pus accumulation in cavities and organs

212. Name fibrinous inflammation types

213. Describe croupous fibrinous inflammation localization

214. Give croupous inflammation characteristic

215. Describe fibrinous pericarditis etiology

216. Describe the consequences of the fibrinous inflammation

217. Describe macromorphology of diphtheritic inflammation

218. Give hemorrhagic inflammation characteristic

219. Give catarrhal inflammation characteristic

220. Give putrefactive (ichorous) inflammation characteristic

221. Name mixed inflammation types

222. Give definition of productive inflammation

223. Name the causes of productive inflammation

224. Describe mechanisms of productive inflammation

225. Give classification of productive inflammation

226. Give the characteristic of the inflammation productive stage

227. Name the basic signs of productive inflammation

228. Name the organs with interstitial form of inflammation

229. Describe basic morphological changes of organs in productive inflammation

230. Explain the principals of granuloma classification

231. Give classification of granulomae

232. Give the examples of infectious granulomae

233. Give the examples of noninfectious granulomae

234. Name the types of foreign-body granulomae

235. Name the types of dusty granulomae

236. Give the examples of granulomae with unknown etiology

237. Name the signs of specific productive inflammation

238. Name the kinds of specific granulomae

239. Describe morphogenesis of granulomae

240. Name morphological types of gamulomae

241. Give the examples of giant cells in granulomae

242. Give the morphology characteristic of the tuberculous granuloma

243. Name the types of tuberculous granulomae

244. Describe ultrastructure of the Pirogov-Langhans’ giant cell

245. Describe the types of tissular reactions in tuberculous inflammation

246. Name the components of the primary tuberculous complex

247. Describe clinical stages of syphilis

248. Give characteristic of secondary syphilis

249. Give morphological characteristic of syphilitic granuloma

250. Describe localization of gumma

251. Give morphological characteristic of gummatous infiltration

252. Give microscopic characteristic of syphilitic mesaortitis

253. Give morphological characteristic of leprous granuloma

254. Give morphological characteristic of scleroma granuloma

255. Describe consequences of productive inflammation

256. Describe consequences of productive inflammation in the bones

257. Give classification of immunopathologic processes

258. Name the types of hypersensitivity reactions

259. Name the factors inducing immunopathologic process

260. Give the examples of diseases with immediate reaction

261. Describe local hypersensitivity reactions

262. Describe the stages of immune inflammation

263. Give the morphological characteristic of immune inflammation

264. Give classification of autoimmune diseases

265. Give the examples of autoimmune diseases

266. Give morphological characteristic of autoimmune diseases

267. Describe the phases of immune inflammation

268. Give characteristic of humoral immune reaction

269. Give characteristic of cell immune reaction

270. Describe the phases of cell immune reaction

271. Describe the phases of humoral immune reaction

272. Give morphological characteristic of immune inflammation with immediate reaction

273. Give morphological characteristic of immune inflammation with delayed reaction

274. Give morphological characteristic of transplantation immunity reactions (rejection reaction)

275. Give classification of immunodeficiency syndromes

276. Give morphological characteristic of immunodeficiency syndromes

Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1035