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gENERAL PATHOMORPHOLOGY (PART i): HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH METHODS. CELL PATHOLOGY. Degenerations. necrosis apoptosis. general death. HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS INFLAMMATIONObjective of the lesson: Elaboration of optimal criteria and evaluation of the level of student’s knowledge. Tasks: 1. Determine the level of knowledge using technical means of education (computer access). 2. Determine the level of knowledge using test control (“Taschenbuch” system). 3. Determine the level of knowledge according to the system “Krok-1” and resolving situational tasks with the description of gross specimens, microscopic specimens, electron micrographs and classification of pathological processes. 4. Determine the level of knowledge traditionally. Theoretical part Final control of knowledge stipulates three-level attestation. At the first stage, they determine the level of theoretical formation with help of technical means of control fixing the percentage of knowledge sufficiency (computer “access”). At the second stage, they determine the practical level of formation by means of check-up of the performed tasks and interview on the most important chapters of the subject. At the third stage, they determine the level of knowledge according to the system “Taschenbuch” and “Krok-1”. Thus, the evaluation of the formation level has a complex character and in its base it has the developing skills of clinically anatomic thinking of a future doctor. If the level of knowledge is determined to be insufficient at the first stage, the further attestation has no sense. If it is sufficient, they pass to the second and the third stage of attestation with the evaluation of the formation level in conformity with generally accepted criteria. It means that the grade “excellent” is conferred to the student who showed versatile, systematic and deep knowledge of the learnt material, ability to easy perform written works stipulated in the program of anatomical pathology (accomplishment of situational tasks, description of gross specimens and microscopic specimens, electron micrographs, classification of pathological processes and diseases) easily, mastered the material of the main and supplementary literature, showed creative abilities in understanding and interpretation of educational material. The grade “good” is conferred to the student who showed the knowledge of educational material, mastered the main literature on the subject, and also showed abilities in independent mastering of separate chapters of the subject, necessary for the future specialization. The grade “satisfactory” is conferred to the student whose knowledge on the subject provides for the necessity to learn the material more deeply and to read the main literature on the curriculum. The student makes mistakes performing written tasks (accomplishment of situational tasks, description of macro- and micro preparations, electronic diffraction patterns, has superficial knowledge of the classification of pathological processes), but he has a sufficient volume of knowledge to meet the lacks. If the level of knowledge does not correspond to the above-mentioned criteria, the student is conferred with the grade “unsatisfactory”. Practical part It stipulates sequential accomplishment of tasks necessary to determine the final level of knowledge. FINAL-CHECK TEST 1. Give definition of pathomorphology 2. Name components of pathomorphology 3. Explain the aim of pathomorphology 4. Explain the tasks of pathomorphology 5. Name the levels of pathological processes 6. Name the objects and methods of research in pathomorphology 7. Name the periods of the pathomorphology development 8. Describe normal ultrastructure of the cell 9. Describe functions of intracellular organella in norma 10. Describe pathology of the cell nucleus 11. Describe pathology of the endoplasmic reticulum 12. Describe pathology of the plasmalemma 13. Describe pathology of the mitosis 14. Describe pathology of the chondriosomes 15. Describe pathology of lysosomes 16. Pathology of the Golgi apparatus 17. Give the difinition of degeneration 18. Give the classification of degeneration 19. Describe morphogenetic mechanisms of degeneration 20. Give the definition of parenchymatous degeneration 21. Give the classification of parenchymatous degenerations 22. Describe etiology of parenchymatous degeneration 23. Describe morphogenesis of parenchymatous protein degenerations 24. Comment gross and microscopic image of the kidney with protein degeneration 25. Comment gross and microscopic image of the heart with protein degeneration 26. Comment gross and microscopic image of the liver with protein degeneration 27. Describe morphology of horny degeneration 28. Comment gross and microscopic image of the kidney with fatty degeneration 29. Comment gross and microscopic image of the heart with fatty degeneration 30. Comment gross and microscopic image of the liver with fatty degeneration 31. Comment gross and microscopic image of the kidney with carbohydrate degeneration 32. Comment gross and microscopic image of the heart with carbohydrate degeneration 33. Comment gross and microscopic image of the liver with carbohydrate degeneration 34. Name ultrastructural signs of protein degeneration in the heart, liver and kidneys 35. Name ultrastructural signs of the fatty degeneration in the heart, liver and kidneys 36. Name ultrastructural signs of the carbohydrate degeneration in the heart, liver and kidneys 37. Name kinds of fermentophaties 38. Give examples of hereditary protein degeneration 39. Give examples of hereditary lipidosis 40. Give examples of hereditary carbohydrate degeneration 41. Give definition of mesenchymaldegeneration 42. Give classification of mesenchymaldegeneration 43. Explain morphogenesis of protein mesenchymaldegeneration 44. Explain histological and histochemical characteristic of different forms of protein mesenchymaldegeneration 45. Name morphogenetic factors of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling 46. Explain morphology of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling 47. Give ultrastructural characteristic of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling 48. Name kinds of fibrinoid 49. Give classification of hyalinosis 50. Describe morphology of organs in hyalinosis 51. Describe morphogenesis of amyloidosis 52. Give classification of amyloidosis 53. Name specific reactions for amyloid detection 54. Comment gross and microscopic image of the organs in amyloidosis 55. Give ultrastructural characteristic of amyloidosis 56. Give classification of mesenchymallipidosis 57. Describe etiology of mesenchymallipidosis 58. Comment gross and microscopic image of the organs in mesenchymallipidosis 59. Characterize significance of obesity for the organism 60. Characterize carbohydrate mesenchymal degeneration 61. What is hemosiderosis? Name its types 62. Explain mechanisms of hemosiderin formation 63. Name types of jaundice depending on the way of its development 64. Which pathology is caused by bile stasis? 65. Where is hemomelanin accumulated and in what disease? 66. What is the colour of the organs in hemomelanosis? 67. In what diseases does porphyria develop? 68. Explain mechanisms of melanin formation 69. Give the examples of general and acquired melanosis 70. What conditions and diseases cause increased quantity of lipofuscin? 71. Name end products of nucleic acid decomposition 72. Explane importance of microelements for the organism 73. In which processes do calcium salts take place? 74. What is calcium metabolism regulated in the organism by? 75. Name the types of calcification according to their mechanisms 76. In which organs does petrification often occur? 77. In which organs does deposition of calcium salts occur during metastatic calcification? 78. Name the diseases, which are accompanied by hyperkaliemia and kaliopenia 79. Name forms of Wilson's disease 80. Name the general and local causes of stone formation 81. Name the types of cholelithiasis according to the chemical components 82. Name the types of uric stones according to theirs components 83. Name outcomes of urolithiasis 84. Give definition of necrosis 85. Name the causes of necrosis 86. Name the levels of necrotic process 87. Give classification principles of necrosis 88. Name types of cell death 89. Name types of necrosis depending on its etiology 90. Name types of necrosis depending on its pathogenesis 91. Name pathogenic factors of necrosis 92. Name factors, that determine the type of necrosis (dry, moist) 93. Explain morphogenesis of necrosis 94. Name basic macroscopic signs of necrosis 95. Describe microscopic morphology of necrosis 96. Name clinical and morphologic forms of necrosis 97. Name stages of necrotic process 98. Give ultrastructural characteristics of necrosis 99. Name ultrastructural standards of chondriosome damage 100. Name stages of nuclear death in necrosis 101. Name changes in a cytoplasm in cell death 102. Give ultrastructural characters of necrosis: · changes of nuclei a)... · changes of chondriosomes b)... c)... d)... · changes of endoplasmic reticulum e)... · changes of ribosomes, polysomes f)... g)... · changes of lysosome h)... i)... · changes of enchylema j)... k)... 103. Give characteristic of colliquative necrosis 104. Explain etiology of moist gangrene 105. Name varieties of gangrene 106. Describe colliquative gangrene in organs 107. Name clinical and anatomical signs of moist gangrene 108. Describe localization of gangrene in an organism 109. Explain diversity of gangrene 110. Describe macroscopic morphology: a)... b)... c)... and microscopic morphology of d)... e)... f)... of dry necrosis 111. Describe etiology of mummification necrosis 112. Describe etiology of colliquative gangrene 113. Describe clinical and morphologic characteristics of mummification necrosis 114. Describe characteristic of caseous necrosis 115. Name organs, in which infarction leads to death more frequently 116. Give definition of sequester 117. Give description of sequester 118. Name consequences of necrosis 119. Give dsfinition of apoptosis 120. What is apoptosis in translation from Greek? 121. Name scientist who offered the term of “apoptosis” 122. Describe morphogenesis of apoptosis 123. Name microscopic signs of apoptosis 124. Give ultrastructural characteristic of apoptosis 125. Name changes of cytoplasm in apoptosis 126. Explain differences between apoptosis and necrosis 127. When bedsore development is possible? 128. Explain the value of cellular death 129. Give classification of general death 130. Name types of general death depending on etiology 131. Name signs of general (biological) death 132. Name types of a postmortal lividity 133. Name signs of agony 134. Give classification of disorders of blood circulation and lymphokinesis 135. Give definition and classification of hyperemia 136. Name the causes of general and local passive hyperemia 137. Describe morphology and morphogenesis of fibrosis of the liver in chronic passive hyperemia 138. Describe morphology and morphogenesis of brawn induration of the lungs 139. Comment gross and microscopic changes of organs in chronic passive hyperemia 140. Give definition and classification of ischemia 141. Describe morphologic changes of organs in ischemia 142. Give classification of bleeding (give its Latin transcription) 143. Name the causes and describe morphogenesis of blood stasis 144. Give classification, describe mechanism and morphology of organs and tissues in lymphokinesis disorders 145. Give definitition of thrombosis 146. Describe morphogenesis of blood clot organization 147. Comment gross and microscopic specimens of blood clot 148. Name consequences of thrombosis and their value for an organism 149. Give definition of embolism 150. Give classification of embolism 151. Describe morphology of embolism 152. Thrombembolia of pulmonary artery: source of origin, morphology and consequences 153. Give definitions, kinds and explain morphology of infarction 154. Name the consequences of infarction and explain their value for an organism 155. Give definition of shock 156. Give classification of shock 157. Morphologic signs of shock 158. Give clinical and morphologic characteristic and stages of hemorrhagic syndrome 159. Give definition of inflammation 160. Name the scientists who the first described an inflammation 161. Name the scientists, who introduced important contribution in studying the inflammation problem 162. Name clinical symptoms of inflammation (give its Latin transcription) 163. Name exogenous and endogenous inflammation factors 164. Give clinical classification of inflammation 165. Explain inflammatory reaction meaning 166. Name the phases of inflammation 167. Describe reaction of the microvasculature as a response to injury 168. Name vessel factor of inflammation characteristic 169. Give the mediation process characteristic 170. Explane microscopic morphology of alteration 171. Name plasmatic mediators of inflammation 172. Name cellular mediators of inflammation 173. Name cellular mediators support 174. Characterize vasoactive amins producing 175. Name arachidonic acid metabolites 176. Describe local cytokine activity 177. Name leukocytic ferments induced by histolysis 178. Explain hageman factor meaning 179. Name vasoactive amines 180. Characterize exudation phases 181. Name exudative factors 182. Name phases of leukodiapedesis 183. Name the main signs of proliferation phase 184. Name the cells interacted in the inflammation zone 185. Name parts of monocyte - macrophage system 186. Name the factors determining the exudate character 187. Name immunologic inflammation phases 188. Name phagocytosis types 189. Name phagocytosis phases 190. Name complement components 191. Describe variations of cell transformation in the proliferation phase 192. Name cells of hystiogenic origin in the inflammation zone 193. What cells reproduce in the proliferation phase? 194. Describe proliferation factors and cellular elements differentiation (proliferation phase) 195. Name morphologic inflammation types 196. Characterize not separate exudative inflammation types 197. Name separate exudative inflammation types 198. Describe exudate cellular composition 199. Name exudative inflammation types 200. Name the causes of serous inflammation reasons 201. Give serous exudate characteristic 202. Describe the consequences of serous inflammation for the organism 203. Name purulent inflammation types 204. Name purulent inflammation signs 205. Name abscess types (clinical) 206. Describe abscess micromorphology 207. Name compound elements of pyogenic membrane 208. Name clinical signs of a cold abscess 209. Describe predominant phlegmon localization 210. Name the factors contributed to phlegmon onset 211. Give the names of a pus accumulation in cavities and organs 212. Name fibrinous inflammation types 213. Describe croupous fibrinous inflammation localization 214. Give croupous inflammation characteristic 215. Describe fibrinous pericarditis etiology 216. Describe the consequences of the fibrinous inflammation 217. Describe macromorphology of diphtheritic inflammation 218. Give hemorrhagic inflammation characteristic 219. Give catarrhal inflammation characteristic 220. Give putrefactive (ichorous) inflammation characteristic 221. Name mixed inflammation types 222. Give definition of productive inflammation 223. Name the causes of productive inflammation 224. Describe mechanisms of productive inflammation 225. Give classification of productive inflammation 226. Give the characteristic of the inflammation productive stage 227. Name the basic signs of productive inflammation 228. Name the organs with interstitial form of inflammation 229. Describe basic morphological changes of organs in productive inflammation 230. Explain the principals of granuloma classification 231. Give classification of granulomae 232. Give the examples of infectious granulomae 233. Give the examples of noninfectious granulomae 234. Name the types of foreign-body granulomae 235. Name the types of dusty granulomae 236. Give the examples of granulomae with unknown etiology 237. Name the signs of specific productive inflammation 238. Name the kinds of specific granulomae 239. Describe morphogenesis of granulomae 240. Name morphological types of gamulomae 241. Give the examples of giant cells in granulomae 242. Give the morphology characteristic of the tuberculous granuloma 243. Name the types of tuberculous granulomae 244. Describe ultrastructure of the Pirogov-Langhans’ giant cell 245. Describe the types of tissular reactions in tuberculous inflammation 246. Name the components of the primary tuberculous complex 247. Describe clinical stages of syphilis 248. Give characteristic of secondary syphilis 249. Give morphological characteristic of syphilitic granuloma 250. Describe localization of gumma 251. Give morphological characteristic of gummatous infiltration 252. Give microscopic characteristic of syphilitic mesaortitis 253. Give morphological characteristic of leprous granuloma 254. Give morphological characteristic of scleroma granuloma 255. Describe consequences of productive inflammation 256. Describe consequences of productive inflammation in the bones 257. Give classification of immunopathologic processes 258. Name the types of hypersensitivity reactions 259. Name the factors inducing immunopathologic process 260. Give the examples of diseases with immediate reaction 261. Describe local hypersensitivity reactions 262. Describe the stages of immune inflammation 263. Give the morphological characteristic of immune inflammation 264. Give classification of autoimmune diseases 265. Give the examples of autoimmune diseases 266. Give morphological characteristic of autoimmune diseases 267. Describe the phases of immune inflammation 268. Give characteristic of humoral immune reaction 269. Give characteristic of cell immune reaction 270. Describe the phases of cell immune reaction 271. Describe the phases of humoral immune reaction 272. Give morphological characteristic of immune inflammation with immediate reaction 273. Give morphological characteristic of immune inflammation with delayed reaction 274. Give morphological characteristic of transplantation immunity reactions (rejection reaction) 275. Give classification of immunodeficiency syndromes 276. Give morphological characteristic of immunodeficiency syndromes Date: 2016-03-03; view: 1136
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